The Ethics Of Legalization Of Marijuana - 1506 Words

An ethical approach to legalization of Marijuana Within this paper I will ask the reader to consider different ethical aspects of the legalization of marijuana, utilizing data provided and studies from the past, attempting to further convey my stance as being pro-legalization of marijuana. INTRODUCTION The legalization of marijuana has been in dispute since the idea has come into conception. Exists a myriad of stances: legalization strictly for medicinal purposes, decriminalization of possession(treatment instead of incarceration), a complete prohibition, and finally a stance of the legalization of marijuana strictly for the sake of industrial use. Assuming that we are looking for the benefit of the greater good from a utilitarian standpoint the verdict is increasingly PRO-marijuana. But I aim to focus on three main points: firstly; excessive amount of taxpayer’s money is spent to both police and incarcerate marijuana offender. Secondly; there exists conclusive evidence that many positive environmental impacts to the environment, develops from the legalization of marijuana by way of the hemp industry. Finally, multitudinous medicinal benefits abound, countless more are continually being discovered, the totality of which are backed by scientific research. . There are countless amounts of man hours spent on the surveilling, apprehension and incarceration of marijuana offenders. Vast amounts of people end up incarcerated, who are not only not contributing to society, inShow MoreRelatedThe Legality of Marijuana1415 Words   |  6 Pageswe choose to obey or disobey the norms and regulations of our social environment is determined by the way we appeal to their distinct morals and ethics. There are many â€Å"ethical situations† in our society on which various people have various different opinions. The legality of marijuana is one such situation in the society regarding the morals and ethics. It is argued worldwide by all kinds of people from all kinds of backgrounds who all think differently towards this subject. In today’s society,Read MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana Should Qualify Trillions Of Dollars For The Government848 Words   |  4 PagesThe legalization of Marijuana could earn trillions of dollars for the government. â€Å"As governments struggle with decreased revenue and rising costs, the legalization of Marijuana will boost income to fund projects, such as new parks and road repairs† (â€Å"19 Primary Pros and Cons of legalizing weed† 2015) . Since 2006 more than one hundred thousand people have been estimated to have died in the drug war. This happens due to the lack of supervision in handling drugs with distribution, and useRead MoreEthical Issues with Legalization of Marijuana Essay1349 Words   |  6 PagesDonna Lowe SOC 120 Introduction to Ethics Social Responsibility Prof. Donna Falloon May 16, 2011 Marijuana is the third most popular recreational drug in America behind only alcohol and tobacco, and is estimated that nearly 80 million Americans use it at least one occasion.    According to government surveys, some 20 million Americans have smoked marijuana in the past year, and more than 11 million do so regularly despite harsh laws against its use. Being used for medicinal purposes or simplyRead MoreLegalizing Marijuan A Utilitarian Perspective1618 Words   |  7 PagesLegalizing Marijuana Legalizing Marijuana: A Utilitarian Perspective Whitney T. Hall SOC120: Ethic and Social Responsibility Tim Carter May 7, 2012 Legalizing Marijuana: A Utilitarian Perspective The legalization of marijuana in the United States remains a major issue and has caused much controversy due to opposing views. With the economy being in the state that it is, we need to utilize all available resources and set aside personal emotion regarding â€Å"smoking weed†. While some support decriminalizationRead Moreâ€Å"When Your Conscience Says Law Is Immoral, DonT Follow1038 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"When your conscience says law is immoral, don t follow it.† (Washington v. Glucksberg, n.d) This line, originally from Jack Kevorkian seems to resonate deeply with the proponents of legalizing marijuana use, despite it originally referring to assisted suicide. The legalization of marijuana use had become one of the biggest hot button issues of the last decade, and is being fiercely debated across the United States. First made illegal in 1970 with the passing of the Controlled Substances Act, whichRead MoreMarijuana’S Legalization Could Earn Billions Of Dollars1291 Words   |  6 PagesMarijuana’s legalization could earn billions of dollars for the government that could be used to lower the national debt, improve schools, or other major projects that need funding. The handling of drugs is not safe, whether it is the back alley deals, or the people killed in drug heists. Since 2006 more than seventy thousand people have been estimated to have died in the drug war. This all comes from the lack of supervision in handling of drugs with their distribution, and use. Problems most peopleRead MoreMarijuana Should be Legalized for Medical Use Essay examples977 Words   |  4 PagesThis pertains especially to those of you who smoke marijuana. If marijuana users actually cared what everyone else thought, they would not be using it, even though it is illegal marijuana is one of the most attainable illegal substances out there. If marijuana is so attainable, and so many people like to indulge in using it then why has it been so hard to get it legalized? Marijuana can be extremely beneficial in several ways. Medical marijuana has many uses, its helped in easing pain, side effectsRead MoreArgument in Favor of Legalizing Marijuana1277 Words   |  6 Pa gesWhen comparing alcohol and marijuana which drug is more dangerous? According to statistics over 75,000 deaths in America are linked to alcohol. More than half these deaths are caused by alcohol poisoning. On the other hand marijuana cannot cause death from overdose due to being nontoxic. So why should marijuana remain illegal? Many think marijuana should remain illegal, but legalization would have much more advantages if it were legalized already. Legalization has plenty of benefits, but most ideasRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1341 Words   |  6 PagesOn the other end of the spectrum, many frequent marijuana users are against legalization for the many constraints it will place on their use. The way the states have been regulating the drug disallows anyone under twenty-one to obtain the drug, even for medical needs, and it hinders their ability to drive while the drug is in their system (Evergreen). The stipulations concerning driving will cause inconveniencies for freq uent users due to the variations of time in which the drug stays in a person’sRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1714 Words   |  7 Pages Nguyen 1 Professor Gary Jason Business Ethics 312 18 April 2016 Drugs in the United States There has been controversy centered around the thought of legalizing drugs in the U.S and the effects of legalizing or not legalizing drugs. There are several drugs such as cocaine, heroin, opium, to name a few, with the most common being marijuana. The question raised on this topic is whether we should prohibit drug use, making it illegal or only allow marijuana to be legal. Discussions on this topic mention

Gender Stereotypes In Disney - 1523 Words

Disney strongly portrays gendered stereotypes using their eleven official princesses. Young children, specifically young girls in this case, are extremely susceptible to being influenced by the portrayal of these gendered stereotypes. Golden and Jacoby performed research regarding how preschool girls interpret the gendered stereotypes shown through Disney Princess media, through both the young girls’ pretend play behaviors and the discussion of the princesses. Golden and Jacoby performed this research project in order to examine the perception of young girls in relation to princesses and awareness of gender-role stereotypes, a different research study found that girls who lived and accepted gendered stereotypes, in believing that women†¦show more content†¦The pretend play observation was conducted by both the first author and a trained research assistant. These observations consisted of a three-hour observation, one hour each day, of the free play time of each class. The researchers tracked each child individually, keeping each participant’s data separate from the others. During the first hour of the pretend play observation period, the researchers watched the children play without the introduction of stimuli, also known as â€Å"business as usual.† Upon the completion of the â€Å"business as usual† period, either the teacher or a researcher would set an opened box of dress-up costumes in the play section of the classroom. The box consisted of twelve mass produced costumes in total, with six being the official Disney princesses: Cinderella, Rapunzel, Tiana, Merida, Jasmin, and Mulan, and six non-princess costumes advertised as â€Å"girl costumes†, in order to disentangle the relationship between princess and novel stimuli. The non-princess costumes included Wonder Women, a pink Power Ranger, Transformers: Optimus Prime for girls, Violet from The Incredibles, a bumblebee, and a lady bug; though the play behaviors s hown with these costumes were not recorded. Every seven minutes of free playtime, the researchers would fill out a snapshot observation form, each taking three to four minutes to complete, to record the percentage of timeShow MoreRelatedGender Stereotypes In Disney1711 Words   |  7 PagesNot Born a Disney Princess, but the Tiara May Fit What young girl does not dream of becoming a princess and living in a castle happily ever after? Virtually every young girl identifies with princesses and has watched at least one Disney Princess movie. From the first movies of Snow White and Cinderella, to the later movies of The Little Mermaid and Beauty and the Beast, to the most current movie Moana, Disney Princess movies permeate not only the movie theaters, but also our culture. In fact, â€Å"becomingRead MoreGender Stereotypes In Disney1981 Words   |  8 PagesGender stereotypes in Disney Films Disney is one of the most successful and largest companies in the world. They have their hand in nearly every form of entertainment as well as media, and broadcasting. Disney is best known for their animated films, unique cartoon characters, catchy musicals, and fairy tales that most of us were first introduced to as children. They are one of the few entertainment companies in the World whose primary demographic is children and teens. Nearly everybody is familiarRead MoreDisney Princess With Gender Stereotypes1858 Words   |  8 Pages1.1 Introduction Walt Disney has presented fairytales for thousands of children to love and enjoy, but most importantly to learn from. However, several individuals claim that the fairytales are nonsense and do not present real life situations to children. Nor do the films depict an appropriate representation of women and men. Especially when the majority of the films present Disney princess with gender stereotypes that deal primarily with body image and social behavior. It is also claimed that childrenRead MoreGender Stereotypes In Disney Princess Culture1356 Words   |  6 Pagespeople. Some individuals may have spent their childhood in the attire of their favorite Disney princess while they put on their best rendition of the character they admired most. Other children went seemingly unfazed by the phenomenon, as their peers remained spellbound by the magical world of princesses. With Disney’s debut of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, princess movies provided the defining factor of the Dis ney entertainment empire for years to come. From this, fairy tales embarked into a territoryRead MoreGender Stereotypes In The Disney Film Moana1918 Words   |  8 Pagestowards the exposure to topics that one might not typically be receptive towards. We will examine the representation of the gender ideology that is prevalent in the Disney film Moana in contrast to other Disney films. â€Å"Ideological Criticism† is a method of rhetorical analysis that goes far beyond the surface of an artifact, to extract the underlying belief/values it suggests. Gender is just one of the many ideologies that have become hegemonic in what people have established as â€Å"the norm† or â€Å"the statusRead MoreGender Stereotypes : Disney Princesses Are Not Harmful To Young Girls1027 Words   |  5 PagesGender Stereotypes: Disney princesses are not harmful to young girls In this New age, there are proposition how each gender should conduct oneself, dress, and accord themselves. Kids that are growing up in the area have a person that they think are superhuman. For young girls their role models are Disney princesses. Disney princesses make great role models for girls they teach girls to have hope and courage. All the princesses have different stories and that makes it better for girls to understandRead MoreGender Stereotypes : Are Disney Princesses Harmful? Young Girls?1020 Words   |  5 PagesGender Stereotypes: Are Disney princesses harmful to young girls? In this society, there are proposition how each gender should conduct oneself, dress, and accord themselves. Kids that are growing up in the area have a person that they think are superhuman. For young girls they role models are Disney princesses. Disney princesses make great role models to girls they teach girls to have hope and courage. All the princesses have different stories and that makes it better for girls to understand. AlthoughRead MoreEssay on Informative speech1259 Words   |  6 PagesOUTLINE] The Effects of Disney Films Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about the different stereotypes Disney portrayed in their movies. Central Idea/Thesis Statement: Different types of stereotypes in Disney movies effect children’s view on gender roles. INTRODUCTION I. When you wish upon a star; makes no difference who you are†¦. Or does it? If you recognized this classic Disney song, that means you grew up watching Disney during your childhood. II. The Disney movie franchise has beenRead MoreWomen s Social And Mental Development1439 Words   |  6 Pagesprovide highly idolized characters, but creates unrealistic and falsified interpretation of what it mean to be a specific gender. As a result, it can be seen that today’s modern western pop cultural, has become globalized into an industry of gender roles in which has transformed mainstream television, commercial ads, movies and toys. Stereotypical traits have been assigned to each gender and has become a significant problematic concern among adults in raising children. With the significant rise for entertainmentRead MoreMulan Essay1541 Words   |  7 PagesThe representation of women in Disney films has indefinitely transformed throughout the decades due to Disney’s need to gradually create conventional views and ideas of women. When comparing the 1998 Disney film, Mulan, and the 2016 Disney film, Moana, people may suggest that both are progressive feminist f ilms that accurately depict their individual cultures, while uplifting the women in these films. However, with further analysis, Mulan consists of not only sexist views towards women, but also

Faculty of Business - Hospitality and Personal Services

Queston 1. a). Suppose the following are national accounting data, for a fictitious country for the year 2013. Calculate GDP and the country's gross national expenditure (GNE) using the expenditure approach. 1 a) GDP Using the Expenditure approach Amount (billions of dollars) Consumer spending Household consumption expenditures 3120 Government consumption expenditures 620 Consumption of fixed capital 295 Add Investments Gross private domestic investment 855 Government investment expenditures 195 Add exports 680 Less Imports -575 GDP 5190 GNE = GDP + Net property income from abroad (NPIA) Amount (billions of dollars) Consumer spendings Household consumption expenditures 3120 Government consumption expenditures 620 Consumption of fixed capital 295 Add Investments Gross private domestic investment 855 Government investment expenditures 195 Add exports 680 Less Imports -575 Add Net property income paid overseas 25 GNE 5215 b). Now assume that this countrys nominal GDP has increased by 5.5% for the year 2014. What is the countrys economic growth? Explain your answer. Gross domestic product incorporates the aggregate worth of ultimate creations that are delivered and sold (and not sold again) in the current year. The development rate of GDP has been around 5.5% for 2014. Obviously, quite a bit of this replicates inflation. The GDP of a country just gathers aggregate yield yet does not recognize gainful exchanges or ruinous exchanges. Economic act can be fortified because of the effect of characteristic debacles or the impact of wrongdoing or combative prosecution (Young, 1987). Cash spent on medicinal expenses because of contamination, the cleanup of ecological devastation or the development of another jail is added to the GDP and considered as adding to the economic development of a nation. The GDP additionally overlooks distribution of income amongst laborers in a nation. Although the GDP may replicate noteworthy development, it is conceivable that just the top pay earners may witness some profit. The gross domestic product (GDP) has turned into the chief measure of economic action for general nations. It is the assessment of a country's products and services that it delivers over a time period. The products and services that are calculated are those that the nation really delivers inside its outskirts. The GDP is communicated regarding its individual local economy. in view of the fact that the estimation of GDP is generally utilized and communicated it is imperative to make out the way to figure out the development rate of nominal GDP. Answer 2. Shown here are real GDP figures for each of 10 quarters. Quarterly real GDP (billions of dollars) Quarter Real GDP (billions of dollars) Quarter Real GDP (billions of dollars) 1 200 6 450 2 300 7 550 3 400 8 650 4 350 9 600 5 300 10 700 a). Plot these data points and identify the two phases of the business cycle. b). What are some of the consequences of a prolonged decline in real GDP? c). Is the decline in real GDP from $650 billion to $600 billion a recession? QUESTION 2 Shown here are real GDP figures for each of 10 quarters. Quarterly real GDP (billions of dollars) Quarter Real GDP (billions of dollars) Quarter Real GDP (billions of dollars) 1 200 6 450 2 300 7 550 3 400 8 650 4 350 9 600 5 300 10 700 a). Plot these data points and identify the two phases of the business cycle. One of the two most important phases of the business cycle is a contraction, which is a time of dilapidated economic movement (i.e. from quarter 3 to quarter 5 and from quarter 8 to quarter 9). The second of the two most important phases of the business cycle is an expansion, which is a episode of growing economic movement (i.e. from quarter 1 to quarter 3, from quarter 5 to quarter 8 and from quarter 9 to quarter 10). b). What are some of the consequences of a prolonged decline in real GDP? The capital to labor ratio is an estimation that looks at the measure of capital existing in the economy to the measure of labor. At the point when the measure of capital increases, the estimation of the ratio climbs if the measure of labor does not climb by a comparative sum. At the point when the measure of labor climbs, the estimation of the ratio falls in case the measure of capital does not climb by a comparative sum. Amid a profound recession (at the time of real GDP facing a decline for a few years), the labor constrain for the most part gets to be littler. This has absolutely been the situation amid the late "extraordinary recession." In case the labor power contracts, the denominator of the capital to labor ratio gets littler. On the off chance that the denominator gets littler and the numerator (measure of capital) does not descend by a comparable sum, the estimation of the ratio overall will increment. Amid a subsidence, the measure of capital in the economy does not climb as fast as it would in great times. Be that as it may, it ought not fall by a colossal sum on the grounds that capital does not have a tendency to vanish rapidly. Along these lines, in a delayed retreat, we ought to hope to see a continuous decrease in capital and a profound decrease in labor. This implies that the capital to labor ratio will increment in this circumstance. c). Is the decline in real GDP from $650 billion to $600 billion a recession? No, because in case of recession, GDP decline is for several yeras QUESTION 3 a). Clearly distinguish between the causes of demand-pull and cost-push inflation. b). Using an AD-AS framework, show what happens to GDP, unemployment and the price level for both demand-pull and cost-push inflation. Answer 3 a). Clearly distinguish between the causes of demand-pull and cost-push inflation. The distinction between these two sorts of inflation is established in their reasons. These two have the same impacts (expanding level of price), however they are brought on by diverse things. Demand-pull inflation is brought on by abundance demand. At the point when the individuals in general get additional cash they find themselves capable to shell out further for products and administrations (if not further merchandise and administrations are delivered). Economists discuss more cash "pursuing" the similar measure of merchandise and services. This reasons deficiencies and costs increase. Cost-push inflation is brought about by disturbances in supply. These disturbances reason increments in the cost of manufacture. That prompts inflation. Case in point, an ascent in the cost of oil causes essentially all making to end up more lavish. b). Using an AD-AS framework, show what happens to GDP, unemployment and the price level for both demand-pull and cost-push inflation. Inflation is the determined hike when all is said in common level of price. Demand pull inflation is a kind where there is an increment in level of price because of the increment in the total demand. Then again the cost push inflation is when cost level increments because of the increment in the cost of inputs like expansion in pays and resources. The increment in cost of resources reduces the short run total supply which expands the level of price. Therefore in case there is a shift in the curve for supply rearward we state that inflation is cost push and at the time there is a rightward move in the curve for demand we articulate that its demand-pull inflation. Question 4 a). How is inflation measured? The Consumer Price Index (CPI) plus the succession price index of Domestic Final Demand (DFD) are two significant gauges of inflation inside Australia. They calculate the common rate at which prices transform within Australia. The CPI has been devised like a common gauge of price inflation visage by family units, whereas the DFD price index envelops ultimate acquisitions by industry and government in addition to homes (Rotemberg and Woodford,1997). b). With inflation there are always losers and winners, explain. Inflation generates winners as well as losers. Identifying who wins is imperative for comprehension the reasons for which it is in some cases permitted to persevere. At the point when inflation is normal and stable, it is somewhat kindhearted. Individuals and establishments can anticipate it and incorporate it with their choice making. In case inflation is sudden, it makes a win-lose circumstance in the public eye. Inflation hurts more than making a difference. Moneylenders and savers together lose when inflation surpasses desires. Both win investment rates that accept a little rate of inflation, and at time the real rate surpasses the normal rate, savers and moneylenders are hurt. People existing on fixed earnings are likewise hurt by inflation. Amid times of unforeseen inflation, settled salary receivers witness their real earnings decay. Experts on a settled compensation or retirees on an altered benefits lose obtaining power the length of the rate of inflation surpasses the rate at which their boosts in salary (Skidelsky, 2009). An alternate gathering that advantages from an increment in buyer costs in the short run is makers. At the point when surprising inflation happens, customer costs ascend whereas compensation remunerated to representatives stay generally steady. This permits makers to practice higher benefits for a period until incomes conform to replicate the higher costs purchasers are disbursing. Borrowers advantage from a general increment in costs or a diminishment in obtaining force. At the point when people, organizations, and governments acquire, it is generally at a settled rate of investment that had a little normal level of inflation incorporated with it. In case higher than anticipated inflation happens, then the real estimation of the borrower's obligation is lessened. Question 5 a). Explain how the spending multiplier works in the Keynesian economic model. Keynesian model is the outlook that in the short run, particularly amid recessions, profitable yield is unequivocally impacted through total demand (aggregate payments within the economy). within the Keynesian perspective, total demand does not so much matches the dynamic limit of the economy; rather, it is affected through an assemblage of variables and frequently carries on unpredictably, influencing production, job, and inflation (Solow, 1956). The multiplier impact is abused by governments endeavoring to utilize monetary boost approaches to expand the all-purpose level of economic action. This could be possible in a time of recession or economic vulnerability, while redundancy of labor is elevated and different assets are less-utilized. Expanded spending by government builds the rate of aggregate demand, expanding business movement, which expands salary, which further builds spending and total demand, in a temperate cycle. The thought is that the aggregate increment in production and salary by all gatherings all through the economy might be more prominent than the first addition to government spending, as extra assets are drawn into the round streams of cash spending and business movement through the economy. The presence of unmoving limit and automatic unemployment of labor in the economy can be spoken to as a yield crevice - a contrast between real GDP and potential GDP - and an arrangement of monetary jolt may go for pr esenting sufficient extra spending, increased by the multiplier, to speed the end of the yield hole. Keynesian economics depends on government spending to kick off a country and economic development amid languid economic downturns. Like established economists, Keynesians accept the country and economy is comprised of purchaser spending, business venture and government spending (Woodford, 2003). Be that as it may, Keynesian hypothesis directs that administration spending can enhance or take the spot of economic development without shopper spending or business speculation. b). Explain the differences between the Classical view of aggregate supply and the Keynesian view. Draw diagrams where possible to explain your answer. The Classical accepted that the level of price would have no impact on genuine yield. Financial operators did not comprise Money Illusion, which could result in monetary specialists to believe that a change in the level of price is really an alteration in the genuine wage and lead to a change in their generation choices. In the short run, generally, wages and costs move together so the genuine compensation does not change. Given that the real compensation does not transform not one or the other does business or yield choices. Hence, the classical economists accepted that the aggregate supply bend was perpendicular. Diagram: Classical Model AS Price level AD Economic Output (Real GDP) The Keynesian AS Curve has a retrogressive L shape. Until yield achieves complete vocation, the AS bend is leveled; once complete work is arrived at, the AS bend is perpendicular. Diagram: Keynesian Model AS Price level AD Economic Output (Real GDP) Classical financial hypothesis is established in the idea of a free enterprise monetary business sector. A free enterprise -otherwise called free- -business obliges practically zero legislature intercession. It likewise permits people to act as per their own particular self enthusiasm with respect to monetary choices. This guarantees monetary assets are dispensed by yearnings of people and organizations in the commercial center. Classical financial aspects utilizes the worth hypothesis to focus costs in the monetary business sector. A thing and quality is dead set focused around creation yield, engineering and wages paid to deliver the thing (Lucas, 2004). Keynesian monetary hypothesis depends on spending and aggregate demand to characterize the financial commercial center. Keynesian economists accept the aggregate demand is regularly affected by open and private choices. Open choices speak to government orgs and regions. Private choices incorporate people and organizations in the financial commercial center. Keynesian financial hypothesis depends vigorously on the way that a country money related approach can influence an organization and economy (Phelps, 1968). QUESTION 6 Refer to the table below and determine the following: a). Complete the consumption schedule and show the consumption and saving schedules graphically. b). Determine the MPC and MPS for each change in the income level. a) and b) Level of output and income (GDP = DI) ($ billion) Consumption ($ billion) Saving ($ billion) MPC= Consumed income/Total Income MPS= Saved Income/Total Income Multiplier =1/MPS 240 244 -4 1.02 -0.02 -60.00 260 260 0 1.00 0.00 - 280 276 4 0.99 0.01 70.00 300 292 8 0.97 0.03 37.50 320 308 12 0.96 0.04 26.67 340 324 16 0.95 0.05 21.25 360 340 20 0.94 0.06 18.00 380 356 24 0.94 0.06 15.83 400 372 28 0.93 0.07 14.29 c). Determine the breakeven point. Break-even level of income is where saving equals zero, so here breakeven point is where income is $260 billion. d). Explain what happens to the consumption and saving schedules when disposable income increases. The way to seeing how an ascent in disposable wage influences family spending is to comprehend the idea of the marginal propensity to consumption i.e. devour (MPC). The marginal propensity to devour is the change in customer spending emerging from a change in disposable salary (Krugman, 2009). In case, for instance your disposable wage hikes by 50,000 and you decide to burn through 30,000 of this on additional products and administrations, then the mpc is 30,000/50000 or 66%. In the event that you picked rather to spend just 25,000 of the increment in pay, then the MPC would be 0.5) References Krugman, P. (2009), How Did Economists Get It so Wrong?, New York Times Magazine, September 6. Lucas R. E. Jr. (2004), My Keynesian Education, in De Vroey, M. and K. Hoover (eds.), The IS-LM Model: Its Rise, Fall, and Strange Persistence, Duke University Press, pp. 1224. Phelps, E. (1968), Money Wage Dynamics and Labour Market Equilibrium, Journal of Political Economy, vol. 76, pp. 678-711 Rotemberg, J. and M. Woodford (1997), An Optimization-Based Econometric Framework for the Evaluation of Monetary Policy, in B. Bernanke and J. Rotemberg (ed.), NBER Macroeconomics Annual 1997, vol. 12, Cambr. (Mass.): pp. 297-346. Skidelsky, R. (2009), The Return of the Master, London: Public Affairs. Solow, R. (1956), A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 70, pp. 65-94. Woodford, M. (2003), Interest and Prices: Foundations of a Theory of Monetary Policy, Princeton University Press. Young, W. (1987), Interpreting Mr. Keynes: The IS-LM Enigma, Cambridge: Polite Press.

Evaluation of Various Accounting Policies-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Using the American Accounting Association (AAA) ethical decision model and relevant ethics standards to recommend a course of action for Janelle. 2.With reference to relevant case law, prepare a report for the managing partner of MYH on the strength of any negligence case that GGL might bring against MYH. The report should follow standard report structure. Information on report writing can be found here. Answers: 1.During the year 1990, Langenderfer and Rockness developed the different concepts of the American Accounting Association (AAA) model. AAA model provides the auditors with seven logical steps in order to deal with different ethical situation in auditing (Hope, Thomas Vyas, 2013). It needs to be mentioned that the application of the seven-step model of AAA is required in the provided case of Great Gold Limited (GGL) to provide logical course of actions. The main area of concern of this case is related with the leasing of apportion of their machinery from Big Machine Limited (BML) in spite of the fact that there is availability of other machinery suppliers in the region supplying small portion of the machineries. Apart from this, another major ethical issue can be seen due to the increase in profit under the directorship of Brent Allen related with the leasing of significant part of the machinery. In this situation, it is required for the auditor to apply the seven step model of AAA t o get recommended course of action (Yetman Yetman, 2012). Step 1: Facts Identification: This step involves in the identification of major facts with te concerned cases. In this particular situation, the major unethical case is related with the lease of large proportion of machinery to GGL by the director of the company in the presence of other small suppliers of machinery in that region (Kassem Higson, 2012). Step 2: Ethical Issues in the Case: In this AAA model, the second step involves in the identification of major ethical issues related with the provided case. Thus, based on the analysis of the provided case, an assertion can be presented that shows the motive of the director of GGL to increase the profit of BML that leads to the creation of an unethical situation (Craft, 2013). Step 3: Identification of Norms, Principles and Values Related with the Case: In the provided case, the norms, values and principles related with the directors of the company indicates towards the principle of integrity. It is the responsibility of the companies to make sure that there is compliance between corporate governance principles and ethical code of conducts while performing the business operations of these two companies. In the provided case study, the main ethical issue is related with professional integrity at the workplace. There has been major violation in the principle of integrity due to the intention of the director to increase the profit of BML with the help of significant lease of machinery. The inability of the auditors to demonstrate ethical principle and sound moral can also been seen. Thus, the director of the company has failed to act in fair, honest and ethical manner (Michels,2012). Another major ethical principle involved in this case is Due Care and Professionalism of the auditors while executing the audit procedures. It is the requirement of the director of the company to act in the most ethical manner and discharge legal duties professionally as per the ethical principle and code of conducts. Hence, the director of the company has shown an incorrect moral and ethical behavior (Michels, 2012). Step 4: Determination of Alternative Course of Action: There can be two situation in this case. In the first situation, one can simply ignore the ethical issues for director and let the profitability be increased. However, the second option demands the director not to lease the large portion of machinery to GGL (Ball, 2013). Step 5: Determination of the Best Course of Action: In this case, the best course of action according to the norms, principles and values is not to lease the significant part of the machinery to GGL. In addition, the company is required to lease the small portion of machinery as it will be majorly helpful in avoiding the occurrence of unethical situations related with profitability. This aspect will be helpful in the true and fair value of the financial statements. It needs to be mentioned that this course of action will be supported by the norms and ethical principles that will lead to the true and fair presentation of financial statements. Moreover, the auditors will be majorly accountable for making it sure that they address all the aspects that lead to the breach of ethical principles. Otherwise, it will be considered as the audit failures (Blankespoor et al., 2013). Step 6: Consequences of Courses of Action: Under the first option, the director will be continuing to lease the large portion of the machinery from BML. It will increase the profitability of the company along with the wealth of the directors. However, at the same time, the director will expose himself to the risk of the breach of ethical principle and legal risks (Michels, 2012). Under the second option, the directors will refuse to increase the profit of the company. This particular aspect will affect the relation between the auditor and the director. This particular situation will ensure that there is a violation of the ethical norms and principles. This aspect will be majorly helpful in maintaining the reputation and social standing of the auditors that will increase the confidence of the public and the stakeholders. Most importantly, the second option will be highly beneficial for the application of ethical perspectives in different aspects like the independence of the board, the protection of investor interest and many others (Michels, 2012). Step 7: The Decision: Under the model of director, it is the responsibility of the decision makers to consider the major aspects of ethical norms, principles and values while making the decisions. All these aspects will make the decision makers to make effective decisions. In this particular case, the application of the steps of AAA states that the intention of the director to increase the profit of the company with leasing is highly unethical from the part of the directors. For this reason, the director is required to be questionable in order to provide justification on the parts of accountability, transparency and appropriate governance in the business organizations. This is an important part in this model (Blankley, Hurtt MacGregor, 2012). 2.Introduction The provided case study deals with the issue of GGL related with the decrease in the prices of the shares. Moreover, there are many instances suggesting the situation that a large amount of contingent liability was included in the account of the previous year. This particular aspect contributed towards the raise of several damage claims from the part of the shareholders in the last annual meeting. At the same time, there were many opinion related to the inclusion of the large amount of contingent liability in the financial statements of the previous year for the negligence of the auditors (Vijayakumar Nagaraja, 2012). Application of Due Diligence While addressing MYH, it needs to be mentioned that the directors of the companies have the obligating to act with loyalty and professional due care. It implies that the directors are required t act in the most ethical men net for the betterment of the companies. This aspect will be largely helpful from the part of the shareholders, as it will help in increasing value of the shareholders (Munsif, Raghunandan Rama, 2012). In the provided situation of MYH, it can be said that the action of GGL is a wrong thing that can damage the wealth of the shareholders to suffer huge loss, the development of legal liability for the individual shareholders and all these aspects can lead to torturous acts. It needs to be mentioned that crimes fall under the tort law. However, there will be not be any restriction on the course of actions on the crime due to the negligence of the harm of the shareholders by the company (Munsif, Raghunandan Rama, 2012). There are some major identical duties of the directors that can also be found in other jurisdictions; more specifically, they are subject to loyalty and duty of care. Thus, it is the responsibility of the directors to act in the best ethical manner for the interest of the company and the shareholders. This can be considered as a major benefit for the shareholders in the presence of the obligation of creating value for the shareholders. In this process, the directors are required to avoid any conflict of interest (Newton et al., 2015). The violation of the standards of corporate governance can be seen from the company while deterring the duties of the auditors and the directors. In the case Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Rich, the failure of director in meeting the liability can be seen along with the failure in meeting the duty of care; and all these aspects led to the collapse of the whole organization. In this perspective, GGL has the authority to take action of tort law against MYH as the director of the companies has real intention in omitting the large contingent liability from being included in the correct accounts. This action may lead to the non-reflection of the true and fair value of the financial condition of the company (Varzaly, 2012). Compensatory Damage These negligent factors can have the ability to encourage the shareholders of GGL due to the burden to meet the debts falls on the shareholders. In case of MYH, GGL has the authority to make the claim for damage for the incurred losses. According to the laws, the damages can be compensated with the award of money to the persons who bear the loss or injury. The classification of damage can be done in punitive damage or compensatory damage. In case of GGL, the specific negligence action can lead to compensatory damage for the shareholders due to their economic losses like reduction in earning and others. For this reason, GGL can take actions against MYH due to blatant negligence actions that result in compensatory damage (Daniela Attila, 2013). In the case of Lee v Chou Wen Hsein (1948), the judgment of the Privy Council allowed the private company to have the provision of the directors for the removal of the other directors. In this situation, the removal of the directors from the office does not have any impact on the directors for claiming the breach of contract (Van Dam, 2013). On the other hand, it is the requirement of the directors for the determination of the overall response for addressing the risks by assigning and supervising the employees to take significant responsibilities of engagement. The current situation shows the failure of the auditors in considering the contingent liability in the companys book for expressing the true and fair value of the company to its shareholders and investors. Moreover, the failure of the auditors can be seen in the evaluation of accounting policies for financial reporting (Hermanson, Smith Stephens, 2012). In the provided case of GGL, the analytical process states that the unrecognized amount of contingent liability leads to the development of material missstements. For this reason, the financial statements of the company may not convey the true financial position of the company. Thus, it is the responsibility of the auditors to assess these material misstatements in order to find out that whether have been created from financial fraud. In case of GGL, there was a greater need to address omission of contingent liability for reevaluating the responses of risk assessment (Daniela Attila, 2013). For this reason, there is a need to make significant decision in respect to susceptibility of material misstatements in the financial statements due to the omission of contingent liability. Thus, based on the above discussion, GGL has the full authority to take action against MYH for tort of negligence. Negative action can lead to compensatory damage for the shareholders that can lead to major economic losses to the shareholders (Munsif, Raghunandan Rama, 2012). Conclusion Based on the whole discussion, it can be said that there is a need for the determination of the overall response for addressing the assed risks with the help of assigning and supervising necessary individuals to take significant engagement responsibilities. The responsibility of the auditors is the evaluation of various accounting policies related with the omission of contingent liability. Moreover, the involvement of the director can increase the profit of the company due to the lease of machinery. For this reason, there is a need for the application of appropriate steps of AAA with the organization. References Ball, R. (2013). Accounting informs investors and earnings management is rife: Two questionable beliefs.Accounting Horizons,27(4), 847-853. Blankespoor, E., Linsmeier, T. J., Petroni, K. R., Shakespeare, C. (2013). Fair value accounting for financial instruments: Does it improve the association between bank leverage and credit risk?.The Accounting Review,88(4), 1143-1177. Blankley, A. I., Hurtt, D. N., MacGregor, J. E. (2012). Abnormal audit fees and restatements.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,31(1), 79-96. Craft, J. L. (2013). A review of the empirical ethical decision-making literature: 20042011.Journal of business ethics,117(2), 221-259. Daniela, P., Attila, T. (2013). Internal audit versus internal control and coaching.Procedia Economics and Finance,6, 694-702. Hermanson, D. R., Smith, J. L., Stephens, N. M. (2012). How effective are organizations' internal controls? Insights into specific internal control elements.Current Issues in Auditing,6(1), A31-A50. Hope, O. K., Thomas, W. B., Vyas, D. (2013). Financial reporting quality of US private and public firms.The Accounting Review,88(5), 1715-1742. Kassem, R., Higson, A. (2012). The new fraud triangle model.Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences,3(3), 191. Michels, J. (2012). Do unverifiable disclosures matter? Evidence from peer-to-peer lending.The Accounting Review,87(4), 1385-1413. Michels, J. (2012). Do unverifiable disclosures matter? Evidence from peer-to-peer lending.The Accounting Review,87(4), 1385-1413. Munsif, V., Raghunandan, K., Rama, D. V. (2012). Internal control reporting and audit report lags: Further evidence.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,31(3), 203-218. Newton, N. J., Persellin, J. S., Wang, D., Wilkins, M. S. (2015). Internal control opinion shopping and audit market competition.The Accounting Review,91(2), 603-623. Van Dam, C. (2013).European tort law. OUP Oxford. Varzaly, J. (2012). Protecting the authority of directors: an empirical analysis of the statutory business judgment rule.Journal of Corporate Law Studies,12(2), 429-463. Vijayakumar, A. N., Nagaraja, N. (2012). Internal Control Systems: Effectiveness of Internal Audit in Risk Management at Public Sector Enterprises.BVIMR Management Edge,5(1). Yetman, M. H., Yetman, R. J. (2012). Do donors discount low-quality accounting information?.The Accounting Review,88(3), 1041-1067

Using TSI Essay Writing Sample

Using TSI Essay Writing SampleThe idea behind TSI Essay Writing samples is to learn how to write an essay, how to organize your thoughts, and how to apply your knowledge of theory to practice. One could argue that the skills learned are basically a sign of success. If you can write an essay, then you've achieved something in life.You don't have to be a genius or even have your own talent for writing to take advantage of this type of education. Anyone can find an essay writing sample that would suit them. The best way to find the right one is to make a list of what it's best for and what it isn't. This is really just a guideline but will give you a place to start.Once you've made up your list, you can begin to narrow down what TSI essay writing samples you're looking for. For example, if you're searching for examples of how to use history, economics, social science, and other branches of study, don't forget to make sure that the essay samples you find aren't written by the professiona ls who have mastered these subjects. Instead, choose the essay writing samples that are closest to you.Another thing to consider is if you're writing on an entire syllabus or if you're writing for a class project. If you're writing for an entire syllabus, then you can't necessarily judge the quality of the essay samples yourself. Instead, choose samples that are related to the topic. In most cases, you can get a decent idea of how to write an essay from the previous year's works.For instance, if you're writing for a class project, it's usually easier to go with a subject related essay. Thesis statements are the most common essay examples. By creating your own thesis statement, you not only get to work within your usual scope of studying, but you can also tell your story in the form of an essay. While the topics for most students are the same, they do differ slightly from year to year.Since TSI Essay Writing samples will mostly be used for research purposes, make sure that the writin g samples you're using are appropriate for the paper you're working on. For example, if you're working on a report on sports, then you should select a sport's essay sample that's written for that purpose.You may also want to set up your own website that displays essays written by other students. The essay can be linked to your own website, which will allow people to read the project and decide whether or not they would be interested in it. If you do this, then you'll have a way to sell your work and a way to know if it would be a good fit for other students' projects.Although you might think that the best way to get an idea of how to write an essay is to read a variety of different essay examples, the truth is that you should take a look at a few TSI essay writing samples before committing to one. It will give you a better idea of what you're getting yourself into and the reason for using TSI essay writing samples is so that you won't waste your time trying to understand something t hat you'll never be able to understand. Also, you'll be able to tell if you're having trouble with a specific part of the composition.

Theory of Scaffolding Essay Example

Theory of Scaffolding Essay Theory of Scaffolding Literature around Scaffolding: There have been several discussions around scaffolding, in an attempt to define what it means for education. At the early stages of the theory of scaffolding, Wood, Bruner, and Ross (1976) explain the importance of the interactive, instructional relationship that tutors/teachershave in a learners development, supporting that the attendance of others is significant for scaffolding skills acquisition and problem solving. They also emphasize on the importance for realizing the value of a solution to generate the equence of steps that will lead to the solution of the problem, without scaffolding by an adult. As argued, this realization will result in effective feedback, as the learner will be able to value every step towards the solution, and therefore, in order for scaffolding to be effective the learner needs to generate solutions to the problem that are identifiable to them (Wood, Bruner, and Ross, 1976). However, in this scaffolding process, the tutor does not necessarily need to be a human; it can be a virtual, non- player character (NPC) as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Theory of Scaffolding specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Theory of Scaffolding specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Theory of Scaffolding specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In this project, the scaffolding process takes place in the virtual environment of Quest Atlantis, where learners embark on a mission to resolve a problem, part of which requires the decryption of Mayan signs, and interpretation of them in English. The facilitators in this case are the NPCs that learners/players come across during their mission. A rich experience is what a leaner needs to develop to a knowledgeable individual, and the impact of the surrounding environment and the scaffolds in it are important for learning. Wgotsky (1978) has proposed that the learner needs to be scaffolded in rder to acquire all the skills that would have been difficult to acquire independently. The Wgotskian theoretical perspective holds that learners, and especially children can perform more challenging tasks when assisted, and that they can reach a high level of development (Zone of Proximal Development). According to Wgotsky, there are two aspects of learning development; the actual development and the potential development (Ugotsky, 1978). The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) is the distance between the actual development level, as determined by independent roblem solving and the level of potential development, as determined through problem solving under adult guidance, or in collaboration with more capable peers (Ugotsky, 1978, p. 86). Further, based on Wgotskys theory, the ZPD can also be defined as the area between what the learners can achieve by themselves, and what they can attain with the help of more knowledgeable individuals (Video 1). Therefore, meaningful learning is being enhanced in the learners ZPD, with the use of all the available scaffolds afforded by the surrounding environment. Scaffolds in the case of he virtual geocaching project are considered to be the mission page, NPCs, boxes with information, scrolls with information, translation tool, etc. Zone of Proximal Development and Scaffolding Video 1: A video about the Zone of Proximal Development and Scaffolding, describing Pea, in his commentary paper (2004, p. 31) discussed the role of fading in the scaffolding process, characterizing it as intrinsic to the scaffolding process. A scaffold used for the learner must be gradually removed during the learning process, until it is completely gone, and when the learner has reached the learning goal Collins, Brown, Newman, 1989). It is argued that, if the learning help is not being gradually removed, then the process is not called scaffolding anymore, but distributed intelligence, namely, intelligence that is a collective product, and where the individual does not internalize learning (Pea, 2004). Over time, there have been numerous software tools created to scaffold meaningful learning experiences, in and out of schools. Scaffolding is an inherent characteristic of games, either in virtual or in physical life. In the case of computer games, the scaffolds for performing a task are rovided to the player/learner in the virtual context, enhancing active participation. This project aims at exploring the potentials of scaffolding such rich experiences with the use of virtual tools. According to the sociocultural theoretical perspective, children must have time to practice roles and behaviors through play. Therefore, it treats the several gaming tasks and virtual tools as scaffolds for learning development. In a similar vein, Wgotsky argued that game play in general can offer scaffolding-rich experiences, as well as opportunities for a player to act a head above himself (Ugotsky, 1978, p. 4) extending their abilities in ways that would not be possible without play (Video 2). Fantasy play and learning- A Wgotskian approach Video 2: A Wgotskian approach to fantasy play and learning. The video provides a definition of scaffolding, describes the Zone of Proximal Development, as well as some practical perspectives on game play. Videogames, expertly craft ways of scaffolding support through what Gee (2003, p. 138) calls the explicit information on-demand and Just-in-time principle. Computer games host contexts that frame problems, or aspects of problems and learners ecome engaged in those situations, to form their understanding and contribute to a solution. In this case, learners use scaffolds in the frames of a situation, in a context (whether it is real or virtual) to make meaning of a situation, transfer learning across multiple gaming situations as well as real-life situations, participate actively to make a change in the context, and ultimately enhance learning effectively (Lave, 1988). In such gaming environments, transformational play unfolds around the notion of reflexive action (Barab et al. , 2009) where player must take the consequences of their ctions and choices in consideration. However, this consideration takes place in a context where the outcomes of choices do not affect players/learners in any way apart for their game play. Scaffolding Definition as given in a class about Designing Learning in Context: explicit and/or implicit knowledge that enables the learner to be able to successfully engage the activity with acceptable results while maintaining the learners substantive involvement. (Learner+Scafold+Task=Success). Implicit in the definition is that once the learner acquires the explicit and/or implicit knowledge the scaffold is o longer scaffolding. If the learner only acquires part of the knowledge associated with the scaffold, but still needs the scaffold in some different form or level, the process of changing the scaffold to the changing learner knowledge level is called fading. Implicit in the definition is that something is scaffolding only when engaged during the activity, not only before or only after. Scaffolding also promotes learning of required and unknown explicit and/or implicit knowledge of some aspect of the activity, but not necessarily learning of all aspects of knowledge related to every caffold at any give time. If scaffolding is not promoting any learning and still compensating for learners lack of explicit and/or implicit knowledge, then it is not scaffolding rather it is a permanent knowledge crutch. A permanent crutch undermines all activity related learning because there is no need to learn because the learner can successfully engage the activity with the permanent crutch. Individual scaffolds can completely compensate for learners lack of explicit and/or implicit knowledge, without promoting learning if the explicit and/or implicit nowledge related to other scaffolds are being learned. This is called a temporary knowledge crutch. A temporary crutch allows the learner the opportunity to learn in other areas of the activity. My approach to scaffolding: In this section I am providing my personal definition of scaffolding, as I perceive it, after intense thinking, and after a lot influence by several theorists that talked about scaffolding. This definition has derived from and matured thr ough my constant online and in-class discussions in the frames of a class on Designing Learning in Context: Scaffolding is a process through which an individual/learner moves from the supported to the independent level of learning. In this process there is an expert source that provides help/support to the learner, while engaging in the process of completing an activity. Throughout the scaffolding process there is also a plan/ strategy followed (scaffolding is intentional, and not a random process) by the expert source, as well as a plan/strategy for gradually removing the scaffold (fading), when the situation affords it. [1] A scaffold is one in the set of scaffolding and compensates for one aspect of a earners lack of explicit and/or implicit knowledge that enables the learner to successfully engage the activity with acceptable results. f required and unknown explicit and/or implicit knowledge of some aspect o e TeamView activity, but not necessarily learning of all aspects of knowledge related to ev compensating for learners lack of explicit and/or implicit knowledge, then it undermines all activity related learning because there is no need to learn be Individual scaffolds can completely compensate for learn ers lack of explicit a knowledge related to other scaffolds are being learned. This is called a tem knowledge crutch. A temporary crutch allows the learner the opportunity to In this section I am providing my personal definition of scaffolding, as I percei after intense thinking, and after a lot influence by several theorists that talk scaffolding. This definition has derived from and matured through my consta online and in-class discussions in the frames of a class on Designing Learni supported to the independent level of learning. In this process there is an ex source that provides help/support to the learner, while engaging in the proc completing an activity. Throughout the scaffolding process there is also a pla strategy followed (scaffolding is intentional, and not a random process) by th noAK_noqep Pa3pe naponb HeKOH- @ 3any npVlE ngu Ox 1Aap substantive involvement. (Learner+Scafold+Tasesuccess). Implicit in the definition is during the activity, not only before or only after. Scaffolding also promotes lea of required and unknown explicit and/or implicit knowledge of some aspect e TeamViev activity, but not necessarily learning of all aspects of knowledge related to e compensating for learners lack of explicit and/or implicit knowledge, then it i ndermines all activity related learning because there is no need to learn b Individual scaffolds can completely compensate for learners lack of explicit implicit knowledge, without promoting learning if the explicit and/or implici knowledge related to other scaffolds are being learned. This is called a te knowledge crutch. A temporary crutch allows the learner the opportunity t In this section I am providing my personal definition of scaffolding, as I per after intense thinking, and after a lot influence by several theorists that tal scaffolding. This definition has derived from and matured through my cons nline and in-class discussions in the frames of a class on Designing Learn Scaffolding is a process through which an individual/learner moves from th supported to the independent level of learning. In this process there is an e source that provides help/support to the learner, while engaging in the pro completing an activity. Throughout the scaffolding process there is also a pl Scenario Figure 1. Barn and Silos Third grade students in Mrs. Maddoxs class have been studying about different types of communities for the past two weeks. Throughout this study, students have ocused on distinguishing between rural, urban and suburban communities. Living in a rural community, students are familiar with large expanses of land, farms, considerable distances between houses, and lack of malls, skyscrapers and entertainment venues. In contrast with that, the students took a field trip to downtown Atlanta to experience tall buildings, public transportation, commuters, super highways, extensive shopping, sports arenas and fine arts venues. Through this trip, they came to have a better understanding of an urban community. Between the school and downtown Atlanta, students were exposed to suburban communities s the bus took them through a neighborhood and a community outside the perimeter. Students experienced rows of houses, commuters, strip malls, eating establishments, churches and parks. The students were better able to apply the knowledge of their classroom activities to the field trip and could easily determine the differences between each type of community. Figure 2. City and Tall Buildings As a culminating activity for this study on types of communities, the students are going to prepare some type of individually selected project demonstrating their knowledge of urban, suburban and rural communities. Mrs. Maddox makes suggestions as to the types of projects students might consider. Some choose to write and illustrate a book, others write and perform a play, and still others film a video each community. Patrick, the computer whiz of the class, decides to prepare a PowerPoint presentation which will incorporate digital pictures taken on the field trip and of the rural areas surrounding the school community. He has successfully written the text for his slides but has been unable to insert the digital pictures from his disk. Mrs. Maddox notices that Patrick is experiencing frustration with his inability o insert the pictures. She approaches to offer help, not to complete the task for Patrick, but rather to provide support and to help him achieve his objective on his Figure 3. Computer Mrs. Maddox thinks aloud as she offers help: Lets see. I want to insert a picture into the slide from the disk. I need to go to the toolbar at the top and select insert since thats what I want to do. And since its a picture that I want to insert, Ill select picture. Now I have to tell the computer where to find the picture I want. Since the picture is on a disk, Ill select from file. Then Ill click insert and viola My picture is there. Now all I have to do is save it. As Mrs. Maddox talks through the steps, Patrick carefully follows her prompts and completes each step. He beams as he sees the selected picture on his slide. Mrs. Maddox then teaches Patrick a chant she has composed that will assist him with the steps: In-sert a picture from a file; locate the file and se-lect the pic; click to in-sert and save it, quick! She watches as Patrick goes through the steps, questioning him with leading questions when he hesitates, and listens while he quietly says the chant to himself to perform the task. Again, he beams with excitement as the slide displays the selected picture. Mrs. Maddox moves away from the computer and allows Patrick to insert the next picture on his own. Seeing that he is successful, she moves on to assist another student. Later, when another student, Melissa, needs assistance with inserting a picture to a PowerPoint slide, Mrs. Maddox asks Patrick to be a peer tutor to her. He further expands his learning by explaining the steps to Melissa and by teaching her the same chant he used to complete the steps to insert a picture in the PowerPoint slide. Through her support and facilitation, Mrs. Maddox helped Patrick master a skill and achieve independence through carefully designed instruction called scaffolding. This process of scaffolding is much like the traditional definition of scaffolding as a temporary support system used until the task is complete and the building stands without support. Such is the concept of scaffolding. Immediate support is given to students in order to help them achieve skill or task independence. This assistance is a temporary framework provided by the teacher or a more knowledgeable person to ssist students in performing a task they otherwise cannot accomplish without assistance. Support is provided to the learner and then gradually removed so that the student can become a self-regulated, independent learner. Although the teacher assumes much of the control during scaffolded instruction, the ultimate goal of instruction is covert, independent self-regulatory learning (Ellis et al. 1994). Caption: In this animation, each box represents scaffolding provided by the teacher, and with each activity the level of learning goes up. The first box represents verbalizing

the laser beam essays

the laser beam essays Laser stands for Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Lasers work by producing an intense beam of bright light that travels in one direction. The laser has the unique ability to produce one specific color or wavelength of light, which can be varied in its intensity and pulse duration. The newest laser systems have become remarkably precise and selective, allowing treatment results and safety levels not previously available. All lasers contain an energized substance that can increase the intensity of light that passes through it. This substance is called the amplifying medium and it can be a solid, a liquid or a gas. Einstein can be considered as the father of the laser. 80 years ago he postulated photons and stimulated emission and won the Nobel Prize for related research on the photoelectric effect. This section discusses the historical evolution from microwave lasers to optical lasers and finally to x-ray lasers and lasers discovered in space. Some theorists were on the right track, especially Planck, who proposed that nature acted by using "quanta" of energy. But it was the young, unknown Albert Einstein who explained everything and started the field of quantum mechanics with his paper on the photoelectric effect. Einstein showed that light does not consist of continuous waves, nor of small, hard particles. Instead, it exists as bundles of wave energy called photons. Each photon has an energy that corresponds to the frequency of the waves in the bundle. The higher the frequency (the bluer the color), the greater the energy carried by that bundle. Einstein's Nobel Prize was not awarded for either one of his relativity theories - the Nobel Committee thought them too speculative at the time. Rather Einstein won the prize for explaining the photoelectric effect. Two of Einstein's 1905 papers were on the theory of atoms and molecules, yet there were still many scientists in 1905 who did not believe in atoms ...