Misogyny in Hangover Square - Literature Essay Samples

Patrick Hamilton represents women in such a misogynistic manner in Hangover Square that we do not get insight on a single positive portrayal of a woman that George, the novels protagonist, meets on his journeys. Instead, we only hear a remotely positive attitude about a woman when we either hear about George’s Aunt at the beginning of the novel or about George’s sister, who has died; even then, neither of these two women are met directly by the reader. Mainly, the representation of women is portrayed through Netta. Through Hamilton’s use of free direct discourse, the reader may assume that the ideas in the narrative are unbiased and separate from George’s thoughts because the novel is not written in first person. We think that we are outside of his consciousness; however, the narrative shows us insights into George’s thoughts, which in turn provoke the reader to empathize with him and understand his opinions. Because of this design, the readerâ€⠄¢s opinions of Netta and the other women in the novel are crafted to encourage negative thoughts on women. The first woman we meet in the novel other than George’s Aunt is the woman on the train who joins George in his compartment. George has not even spoken to this woman before, nor has he ever seen her before, and we are instantly met with a ‘cold woman’ who ‘rudely and ruthlessly seized’ the handle of the door. This tells the reader that George’s attitude to women is not a positive one; this woman merely opened the door to a compartment to sit down, and George finds the maneuver insulting and intrusive. This woman, ‘apparently of the servant class’ (p.26), is portrayed as common and rambunctious, similar to the way in which the group of girls in Brighton are portrayed further into the novel. We learn that another woman standing on the platform wearing a hairnet had been ‘intentionally’ (p.27) trying to hurt George by making him think of Netta, as if women are constantly out to ‘torture’ (p.27) him and purely exist to cause him pain. Hamilton directly informs the reader of George’s feeling of deeply-felt pain and torture merely at the slight thought of Netta; this is the fault of two strangers who, in reality, did not do anything at all wrong. When we do meet Netta, as George arrives at Netta’s flat in Earl’s Court, we are also met with George’s fear of her. Netta’s ‘loveliness’ is described as a ‘weapon from the arsenal of her beauty.’ This statement shows how George sees their relationship as a war or a game, in which he is losing due to his weaknesses being among her ‘weapons.’ His love for her makes him weak, and the fact that this is revealed to the reader shows that he is aware of his love and weakness. This depiction of something essentially positive (her ‘loveliness’) being compared to a ‘weapon’ shows how Hamilton creates a misogynistic narrative in the respect that women are destructive and pernicious. Furthermore, the characters greeting is referred to as a ‘game of calling people by their surnames.’ This description gives a feeling of coldness, and the reference of their relationship being a game suggests t hat perhaps George is aware of the fact that is losing this game or war but does not take it so seriously; he is so infatuated with Netta that he makes the negative aspects of their contact seem less real by referring it something that is ‘just a game.’ Hamilton thus shows the reader that even though George loves Netta, there is also an underlying hatred which the reader too is mean to intuit. Further on in the novel, the narrative briefly switches from George’s insights to Johnnie’s, and we learn about his view on Netta and women in general; despite Netta being ‘decidedly attractive’ he does not actually like the look of her. She is described as ‘ill-natured’ and ‘ungracious’ and is then associated with women that used to come up to the office ‘in shoals’. This image gives women an animalistic characteristic (a shoal of fish), and with the connotation of fish suggests that they are perhaps simple creatures with little intellectual capacity and poor memories. Because Johnnie has an ‘extensive knowledge’ of different types of women and their ‘modes of behaviour,’ the reader would perhaps be more inclined to trust his opinion; it is weighted with more validity and justification. The women are also described as having their ‘nails dipped in blood and their faces smothered in pale cocoa’ (p.104). Their nails are painted red, but the use of the word ‘blood’ has connotations of danger, destruction and sinister. If Hamilton had simply used the word ‘red,’ it would have been more ambiguous; it could have meant danger but it could have also meant sex and lust. However, by using ‘blood, the author directly connotes specific ideas of danger, which foreshadow Netta’s death. Hamilton also describes the manner in which the womens foundation or ‘pale cocoa’ is deposited on their faces, and by describing it as ‘smothered’ suggests an unsightly application of such make up. The reference to ‘cocoa’ could perhaps be a reference to racial prejudice, which would suggest women’s inferiority, especially as the time when the novel was written was a time of considerable prejudice and segregation with regards to people who were not white and were thus considered inferior. On George’s trip to Brighton, he comes across a group of ‘violent girls’ who work in a cigarette factory in London. Instantly we are met with ‘girls’ as opposed to ‘women,’ a new clue which suggests the immaturity and inferiority of the girls. They are described as going about ‘in threes or fours’ as if they are a species of animal whose nature is being described. Their ways of ‘sprawlingâ €™ and ‘permeating’ suggest an untidy and inelegant manner, as they ‘affect the quality’ of the town. They are seen as lacking class, as ruining and spoiling a good town because they are loud and trashy, ‘bold’ and ‘violent. Moreover, we learn about Eddie Carstairs’ opinion on women when he, George, and Johnnie are having a conversation. He essentially says that their sole purpose is to please men; if a woman doesnt give a man what is desired, then a man should ‘throw her out the window.’ This opinion objectifies women and suggests that they are nothing but sexual objects to be used as men please. Eddie’s joke about throwing them out the window is ironic, since Netta hasn’t given George what he wants (which is actually her love); earlier on in the novel, when he considers different methods of killing her, he even thinks of pushing her out of the window. The fact that only Netta gets a voice in the novel is key; however, even then her voice is heard through George’s perceptions. The novel seems to portray women at large as an inferior class whose purpose is simply to please men, and after numerous references to women being prostitutes and animal-like, we discover that these women are nothing but irritating objects to Hamiltons men. After all, the only two women who are positively portrayed in the novel are George’s family members, whom he seemed to have a certain degree of respect for, but not a great deal of it (since they do not get as much of a voice as any male character in the novel). Even Peter, whom George he deeply dislikes, gets more of voice than any woman in the novel. Thus, Hamilton’s view on women seems to be extremely negative, and this negativity is prominently portrayed throughout Hangover Square.

Adoption Of Single Parent Households - 1150 Words

Two-thirds of all children in the U.S. will spend some time in a single-parent household before they’re eighteen. In fact, the amount of single-parent families has been steadily increasing in the past few decades. If single-parent households are becoming part of the norm, then why are adoptions by single men and women still facing so much scrutiny? This is a countless amount of people who are trying to adopt as a single parent that are being overlooked by the adoption agencies in favor of married couples. On top of this, single parents that are trying to adopt are faced with scrutiny from society. Singles trying to adopt will be able to provide the same amount of love and money as a married couple so they should be presented with the same opportunities to adopt. There are many children wanting to be adopted, and many singles with the adequate resources to raise a child, and doesn’t make sense to rid a child of a stable home. â€Å"In the U.S., there are 397,122 childre n are living without permanent families in the foster care system. 101,666 of these children are eligible for adoption but nearly 32% of these children will wait over three years in foster care before being adopted. In 2012, 23,396 youth aged out of the U.S. foster care system. Out of these adults, 60% had been convicted of a crime, and only 48% were employed† (â€Å"Facts and Statistics† 1). As these statistics show, there is too vast of a number of children in foster care. Foster care has its negative effects,Show MoreRelatedGay Adoption : Discrimination Against Gay1626 Words   |  7 PagesRomero, Jessica Communication Studies 105 Tuesday, Thursday 8-9:20 a.m. Gay Adoption Introduction Attention getter: Discrimination against gay men and lesbian women has been socially recognized for hundreds of years and still continues today. Homosexuals have adopted children for many years, regardless of fear and prejudice. The controversy of this matter is why homosexuals are not presented the equal fairness of the process and open opportunity as heterosexual couples who seek to adopt or fosterRead MoreBeing A Single Parent Or Not?1456 Words   |  6 Pagesconsisting of two parents rearing their children, a spouse and children. This definition is now challenged, as the years have gone on the way we think and picture a family has changed. It is no longer a married stay at home mom and bread earning dad with their little son and daughter. Now a family can be a single mom, a single dad, a same sex couple or a separated or divorced mother and father with their biological or adopted child or children. Over the years the percentage of single fathers has onlyRead MoreAdoption With Sa me Sex Couples1162 Words   |  5 PagesNovember 2017 Adoption with Same-sex Couples Adoption is when a child is removed from their home and are now under protection of another family. They can be related or unrelated to the child. It can be great for children, as they can live a better life than they would have had with their birth parents. The children may have endured abuse or neglect and need to get out of the situation, or the parents could have not thought that they were able to take care of the child. Either way, adoption is made toRead MoreThe Controversy Over Gay Parent Adoption1109 Words   |  4 PagesGay Parent Adoptions Many states laws deny children in foster care, healthy, loving homes simply because of a potential parent’s sexual orientation (Gray, 2006), The catholic church as well as other organization’s oppose gay adoption based upon religious teachings, while others debate the legality of it (Gray, 2006). In today’s society, many children grow up to be emotionally stable and successful whether they have a heterosexual couple as parents or a same sex couple as parents. Gay parent adoptionsRead MoreShould Homosexuals Be Allowed? Adopt?1512 Words   |  7 Pagessame sex marriage what about when homosexuals want to adopt children. In my opinion it is great that homosexuals want to adopt children, because it is not about who they are being raised by. It is all about if the children are being raised with two parents that love and care about them. If someone does not allow a child to be adopted by an homosexual couple it is discrimination. I think everyone should have a family that they care, love, and will cherish for the rest of their lives. In May of 2012Read MoreAnnotated Bibliography Essay1443 Words   |  6 PagesBibliography Stone, A.. Both sides on gay adoption cite concern for children. Usa today. Gannett Co. Inc., 2006. Web. 18 Apr 2012 The article is about a couple who is gay having to move in order for both gay parents to get custody of the adopted child. It talks about the statistics of foster care and the number of kids being adopted right now. The numbers are very low and even for gays, its extremely low. It also states that gays are some good candidates for adoption but not being bias towards either sideRead MoreSociological Concepts Of The Family, Marriage, And Intimate Relationships998 Words   |  4 Pages1. Objective – Explain basic sociological concepts of the family, marriage, and intimate relationships. (Pg. 365) The sociological concept for family is a group of people that are related to by decent, marriage, or adoption. Many sociologist view families as a universal social institution that is central to social life, meaning families play a role of how people learn to be social and how their role in a society. Sociologists are interested in studying families because of how families are createdRead MoreComparative Family Policies Same Sex Marriage1006 Words   |  5 Pagesinheritance, employment benefits, pension benefits, adoption and medical insurance coverage benefits, immigration benefits, and also post-divorce benefits and tax advantages. 2 2. Does this country treat gay and lesbian couples differently from co-habiting couples? If so, how? (2 pts) From the legal point of view same-sex couples have the same rights as cohabiting couples in South Africa. They have the same anti-discrimination laws, the same parenting and adoption rights, the same sexual activity rights andRead MoreChildren With The Parent Families1287 Words   |  6 Pagestend to do better in school, are less prone to depression and are more successful in relationships. Children from one-parent families achieve less and get into trouble more than children from two parent families.†( The Consortium for the Study of School Needs of Children from One Parent Families, 1980). Children in single-parent homes are becoming more common now days; more so single mother families, where there is an absent father in the child’s life. Whether the father is present or absent in theRead MoreEssay about Adoption of Children by Same-Sex Couples1324 Words   |  6 PagesTraditionally, a family has been considered to consist of a heterosexual couple and their children, but many forms of family life exist in contemporary society. Homosexual people also form family units, either as single parents or as couples, with children, who are included in the family through a variety of circumstances. Many have children who were born in previous families (Johnson Piore, 2004) and many have children who were born in a previous heterosexual marriages. A gay man or lesbian women

Analysis of The World of Apu Film Directed by Satyajit Ray Free Essay Example, 1500 words

Towards the end of the movie, close-ups have been taken of Apu doing away with his manuscript and moving away from his son. This has been done to show the kind of inner trauma that he was going through at the time and the reasons for which he was not able to even show his face in front of his child. Close-ups have been taken during this time in order to portray the kind of tension that was going through him because he did not know how to provide for his son or be with him and help him live a better life. Towards the end of the movie, close-ups have been taken of Apu doing away with his manuscript and moving away from his son. This has been done to show the kind of inner trauma that he was going through at the time and the reasons for which he was not able to even show his face in front of his child. Close-ups have been taken during this time in order to portray the kind of tension that was going through him because he did not know how to provide for his son or be with him and help him live a better life. The mise-en-scene or set has been used well in order to show the world around Apu and the kind of environment he was living in. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of The World of Apu Film Directed by Satyajit Ray or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page the use of frozen frame shots has also been made in order to show the drama that was going through Apu s life and also to provide the audience with a certain perspective regarding Apu s life. These may also be directed as the daring techniques used in the film. The director has tried to move out of his comfort zone and try and use these lighting techniques that are simple but have been able to provide the film with maximum effect as compared to other contemporary films made during this time and age as well. Filmed in black and white, this film does not have any scope for using color techniques; however, even then, the director has tried his best to use gray areas for the purpose of filming. (Ray, Satyajit) Soft lighting with the use of the lens flare has been made during transitions of scenes within the movie. In places where vibrant lighting has been required, it has been used well by the director, still trying to keep many people within the frame in focus for the audience to be able to understand what is going on. Ray has also operated the camera himself and collaborated with the art and design team in order to provide his expertise in the field.

The Ethics Of Legalization Of Marijuana - 1506 Words

An ethical approach to legalization of Marijuana Within this paper I will ask the reader to consider different ethical aspects of the legalization of marijuana, utilizing data provided and studies from the past, attempting to further convey my stance as being pro-legalization of marijuana. INTRODUCTION The legalization of marijuana has been in dispute since the idea has come into conception. Exists a myriad of stances: legalization strictly for medicinal purposes, decriminalization of possession(treatment instead of incarceration), a complete prohibition, and finally a stance of the legalization of marijuana strictly for the sake of industrial use. Assuming that we are looking for the benefit of the greater good from a utilitarian standpoint the verdict is increasingly PRO-marijuana. But I aim to focus on three main points: firstly; excessive amount of taxpayer’s money is spent to both police and incarcerate marijuana offender. Secondly; there exists conclusive evidence that many positive environmental impacts to the environment, develops from the legalization of marijuana by way of the hemp industry. Finally, multitudinous medicinal benefits abound, countless more are continually being discovered, the totality of which are backed by scientific research. . There are countless amounts of man hours spent on the surveilling, apprehension and incarceration of marijuana offenders. Vast amounts of people end up incarcerated, who are not only not contributing to society, inShow MoreRelatedThe Legality of Marijuana1415 Words   |  6 Pageswe choose to obey or disobey the norms and regulations of our social environment is determined by the way we appeal to their distinct morals and ethics. There are many â€Å"ethical situations† in our society on which various people have various different opinions. The legality of marijuana is one such situation in the society regarding the morals and ethics. It is argued worldwide by all kinds of people from all kinds of backgrounds who all think differently towards this subject. In today’s society,Read MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana Should Qualify Trillions Of Dollars For The Government848 Words   |  4 PagesThe legalization of Marijuana could earn trillions of dollars for the government. â€Å"As governments struggle with decreased revenue and rising costs, the legalization of Marijuana will boost income to fund projects, such as new parks and road repairs† (â€Å"19 Primary Pros and Cons of legalizing weed† 2015) . Since 2006 more than one hundred thousand people have been estimated to have died in the drug war. This happens due to the lack of supervision in handling drugs with distribution, and useRead MoreEthical Issues with Legalization of Marijuana Essay1349 Words   |  6 PagesDonna Lowe SOC 120 Introduction to Ethics Social Responsibility Prof. Donna Falloon May 16, 2011 Marijuana is the third most popular recreational drug in America behind only alcohol and tobacco, and is estimated that nearly 80 million Americans use it at least one occasion.    According to government surveys, some 20 million Americans have smoked marijuana in the past year, and more than 11 million do so regularly despite harsh laws against its use. Being used for medicinal purposes or simplyRead MoreLegalizing Marijuan A Utilitarian Perspective1618 Words   |  7 PagesLegalizing Marijuana Legalizing Marijuana: A Utilitarian Perspective Whitney T. Hall SOC120: Ethic and Social Responsibility Tim Carter May 7, 2012 Legalizing Marijuana: A Utilitarian Perspective The legalization of marijuana in the United States remains a major issue and has caused much controversy due to opposing views. With the economy being in the state that it is, we need to utilize all available resources and set aside personal emotion regarding â€Å"smoking weed†. While some support decriminalizationRead Moreâ€Å"When Your Conscience Says Law Is Immoral, DonT Follow1038 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"When your conscience says law is immoral, don t follow it.† (Washington v. Glucksberg, n.d) This line, originally from Jack Kevorkian seems to resonate deeply with the proponents of legalizing marijuana use, despite it originally referring to assisted suicide. The legalization of marijuana use had become one of the biggest hot button issues of the last decade, and is being fiercely debated across the United States. First made illegal in 1970 with the passing of the Controlled Substances Act, whichRead MoreMarijuana’S Legalization Could Earn Billions Of Dollars1291 Words   |  6 PagesMarijuana’s legalization could earn billions of dollars for the government that could be used to lower the national debt, improve schools, or other major projects that need funding. The handling of drugs is not safe, whether it is the back alley deals, or the people killed in drug heists. Since 2006 more than seventy thousand people have been estimated to have died in the drug war. This all comes from the lack of supervision in handling of drugs with their distribution, and use. Problems most peopleRead MoreMarijuana Should be Legalized for Medical Use Essay examples977 Words   |  4 PagesThis pertains especially to those of you who smoke marijuana. If marijuana users actually cared what everyone else thought, they would not be using it, even though it is illegal marijuana is one of the most attainable illegal substances out there. If marijuana is so attainable, and so many people like to indulge in using it then why has it been so hard to get it legalized? Marijuana can be extremely beneficial in several ways. Medical marijuana has many uses, its helped in easing pain, side effectsRead MoreArgument in Favor of Legalizing Marijuana1277 Words   |  6 Pa gesWhen comparing alcohol and marijuana which drug is more dangerous? According to statistics over 75,000 deaths in America are linked to alcohol. More than half these deaths are caused by alcohol poisoning. On the other hand marijuana cannot cause death from overdose due to being nontoxic. So why should marijuana remain illegal? Many think marijuana should remain illegal, but legalization would have much more advantages if it were legalized already. Legalization has plenty of benefits, but most ideasRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1341 Words   |  6 PagesOn the other end of the spectrum, many frequent marijuana users are against legalization for the many constraints it will place on their use. The way the states have been regulating the drug disallows anyone under twenty-one to obtain the drug, even for medical needs, and it hinders their ability to drive while the drug is in their system (Evergreen). The stipulations concerning driving will cause inconveniencies for freq uent users due to the variations of time in which the drug stays in a person’sRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1714 Words   |  7 Pages Nguyen 1 Professor Gary Jason Business Ethics 312 18 April 2016 Drugs in the United States There has been controversy centered around the thought of legalizing drugs in the U.S and the effects of legalizing or not legalizing drugs. There are several drugs such as cocaine, heroin, opium, to name a few, with the most common being marijuana. The question raised on this topic is whether we should prohibit drug use, making it illegal or only allow marijuana to be legal. Discussions on this topic mention

Gender Stereotypes In Disney - 1523 Words

Disney strongly portrays gendered stereotypes using their eleven official princesses. Young children, specifically young girls in this case, are extremely susceptible to being influenced by the portrayal of these gendered stereotypes. Golden and Jacoby performed research regarding how preschool girls interpret the gendered stereotypes shown through Disney Princess media, through both the young girls’ pretend play behaviors and the discussion of the princesses. Golden and Jacoby performed this research project in order to examine the perception of young girls in relation to princesses and awareness of gender-role stereotypes, a different research study found that girls who lived and accepted gendered stereotypes, in believing that women†¦show more content†¦The pretend play observation was conducted by both the first author and a trained research assistant. These observations consisted of a three-hour observation, one hour each day, of the free play time of each class. The researchers tracked each child individually, keeping each participant’s data separate from the others. During the first hour of the pretend play observation period, the researchers watched the children play without the introduction of stimuli, also known as â€Å"business as usual.† Upon the completion of the â€Å"business as usual† period, either the teacher or a researcher would set an opened box of dress-up costumes in the play section of the classroom. The box consisted of twelve mass produced costumes in total, with six being the official Disney princesses: Cinderella, Rapunzel, Tiana, Merida, Jasmin, and Mulan, and six non-princess costumes advertised as â€Å"girl costumes†, in order to disentangle the relationship between princess and novel stimuli. The non-princess costumes included Wonder Women, a pink Power Ranger, Transformers: Optimus Prime for girls, Violet from The Incredibles, a bumblebee, and a lady bug; though the play behaviors s hown with these costumes were not recorded. Every seven minutes of free playtime, the researchers would fill out a snapshot observation form, each taking three to four minutes to complete, to record the percentage of timeShow MoreRelatedGender Stereotypes In Disney1711 Words   |  7 PagesNot Born a Disney Princess, but the Tiara May Fit What young girl does not dream of becoming a princess and living in a castle happily ever after? Virtually every young girl identifies with princesses and has watched at least one Disney Princess movie. From the first movies of Snow White and Cinderella, to the later movies of The Little Mermaid and Beauty and the Beast, to the most current movie Moana, Disney Princess movies permeate not only the movie theaters, but also our culture. In fact, â€Å"becomingRead MoreGender Stereotypes In Disney1981 Words   |  8 PagesGender stereotypes in Disney Films Disney is one of the most successful and largest companies in the world. They have their hand in nearly every form of entertainment as well as media, and broadcasting. Disney is best known for their animated films, unique cartoon characters, catchy musicals, and fairy tales that most of us were first introduced to as children. They are one of the few entertainment companies in the World whose primary demographic is children and teens. Nearly everybody is familiarRead MoreDisney Princess With Gender Stereotypes1858 Words   |  8 Pages1.1 Introduction Walt Disney has presented fairytales for thousands of children to love and enjoy, but most importantly to learn from. However, several individuals claim that the fairytales are nonsense and do not present real life situations to children. Nor do the films depict an appropriate representation of women and men. Especially when the majority of the films present Disney princess with gender stereotypes that deal primarily with body image and social behavior. It is also claimed that childrenRead MoreGender Stereotypes In Disney Princess Culture1356 Words   |  6 Pagespeople. Some individuals may have spent their childhood in the attire of their favorite Disney princess while they put on their best rendition of the character they admired most. Other children went seemingly unfazed by the phenomenon, as their peers remained spellbound by the magical world of princesses. With Disney’s debut of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, princess movies provided the defining factor of the Dis ney entertainment empire for years to come. From this, fairy tales embarked into a territoryRead MoreGender Stereotypes In The Disney Film Moana1918 Words   |  8 Pagestowards the exposure to topics that one might not typically be receptive towards. We will examine the representation of the gender ideology that is prevalent in the Disney film Moana in contrast to other Disney films. â€Å"Ideological Criticism† is a method of rhetorical analysis that goes far beyond the surface of an artifact, to extract the underlying belief/values it suggests. Gender is just one of the many ideologies that have become hegemonic in what people have established as â€Å"the norm† or â€Å"the statusRead MoreGender Stereotypes : Disney Princesses Are Not Harmful To Young Girls1027 Words   |  5 PagesGender Stereotypes: Disney princesses are not harmful to young girls In this New age, there are proposition how each gender should conduct oneself, dress, and accord themselves. Kids that are growing up in the area have a person that they think are superhuman. For young girls their role models are Disney princesses. Disney princesses make great role models for girls they teach girls to have hope and courage. All the princesses have different stories and that makes it better for girls to understandRead MoreGender Stereotypes : Are Disney Princesses Harmful? Young Girls?1020 Words   |  5 PagesGender Stereotypes: Are Disney princesses harmful to young girls? In this society, there are proposition how each gender should conduct oneself, dress, and accord themselves. Kids that are growing up in the area have a person that they think are superhuman. For young girls they role models are Disney princesses. Disney princesses make great role models to girls they teach girls to have hope and courage. All the princesses have different stories and that makes it better for girls to understand. AlthoughRead MoreEssay on Informative speech1259 Words   |  6 PagesOUTLINE] The Effects of Disney Films Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about the different stereotypes Disney portrayed in their movies. Central Idea/Thesis Statement: Different types of stereotypes in Disney movies effect children’s view on gender roles. INTRODUCTION I. When you wish upon a star; makes no difference who you are†¦. Or does it? If you recognized this classic Disney song, that means you grew up watching Disney during your childhood. II. The Disney movie franchise has beenRead MoreWomen s Social And Mental Development1439 Words   |  6 Pagesprovide highly idolized characters, but creates unrealistic and falsified interpretation of what it mean to be a specific gender. As a result, it can be seen that today’s modern western pop cultural, has become globalized into an industry of gender roles in which has transformed mainstream television, commercial ads, movies and toys. Stereotypical traits have been assigned to each gender and has become a significant problematic concern among adults in raising children. With the significant rise for entertainmentRead MoreMulan Essay1541 Words   |  7 PagesThe representation of women in Disney films has indefinitely transformed throughout the decades due to Disney’s need to gradually create conventional views and ideas of women. When comparing the 1998 Disney film, Mulan, and the 2016 Disney film, Moana, people may suggest that both are progressive feminist f ilms that accurately depict their individual cultures, while uplifting the women in these films. However, with further analysis, Mulan consists of not only sexist views towards women, but also

Faculty of Business - Hospitality and Personal Services

Queston 1. a). Suppose the following are national accounting data, for a fictitious country for the year 2013. Calculate GDP and the country's gross national expenditure (GNE) using the expenditure approach. 1 a) GDP Using the Expenditure approach Amount (billions of dollars) Consumer spending Household consumption expenditures 3120 Government consumption expenditures 620 Consumption of fixed capital 295 Add Investments Gross private domestic investment 855 Government investment expenditures 195 Add exports 680 Less Imports -575 GDP 5190 GNE = GDP + Net property income from abroad (NPIA) Amount (billions of dollars) Consumer spendings Household consumption expenditures 3120 Government consumption expenditures 620 Consumption of fixed capital 295 Add Investments Gross private domestic investment 855 Government investment expenditures 195 Add exports 680 Less Imports -575 Add Net property income paid overseas 25 GNE 5215 b). Now assume that this countrys nominal GDP has increased by 5.5% for the year 2014. What is the countrys economic growth? Explain your answer. Gross domestic product incorporates the aggregate worth of ultimate creations that are delivered and sold (and not sold again) in the current year. The development rate of GDP has been around 5.5% for 2014. Obviously, quite a bit of this replicates inflation. The GDP of a country just gathers aggregate yield yet does not recognize gainful exchanges or ruinous exchanges. Economic act can be fortified because of the effect of characteristic debacles or the impact of wrongdoing or combative prosecution (Young, 1987). Cash spent on medicinal expenses because of contamination, the cleanup of ecological devastation or the development of another jail is added to the GDP and considered as adding to the economic development of a nation. The GDP additionally overlooks distribution of income amongst laborers in a nation. Although the GDP may replicate noteworthy development, it is conceivable that just the top pay earners may witness some profit. The gross domestic product (GDP) has turned into the chief measure of economic action for general nations. It is the assessment of a country's products and services that it delivers over a time period. The products and services that are calculated are those that the nation really delivers inside its outskirts. The GDP is communicated regarding its individual local economy. in view of the fact that the estimation of GDP is generally utilized and communicated it is imperative to make out the way to figure out the development rate of nominal GDP. Answer 2. Shown here are real GDP figures for each of 10 quarters. Quarterly real GDP (billions of dollars) Quarter Real GDP (billions of dollars) Quarter Real GDP (billions of dollars) 1 200 6 450 2 300 7 550 3 400 8 650 4 350 9 600 5 300 10 700 a). Plot these data points and identify the two phases of the business cycle. b). What are some of the consequences of a prolonged decline in real GDP? c). Is the decline in real GDP from $650 billion to $600 billion a recession? QUESTION 2 Shown here are real GDP figures for each of 10 quarters. Quarterly real GDP (billions of dollars) Quarter Real GDP (billions of dollars) Quarter Real GDP (billions of dollars) 1 200 6 450 2 300 7 550 3 400 8 650 4 350 9 600 5 300 10 700 a). Plot these data points and identify the two phases of the business cycle. One of the two most important phases of the business cycle is a contraction, which is a time of dilapidated economic movement (i.e. from quarter 3 to quarter 5 and from quarter 8 to quarter 9). The second of the two most important phases of the business cycle is an expansion, which is a episode of growing economic movement (i.e. from quarter 1 to quarter 3, from quarter 5 to quarter 8 and from quarter 9 to quarter 10). b). What are some of the consequences of a prolonged decline in real GDP? The capital to labor ratio is an estimation that looks at the measure of capital existing in the economy to the measure of labor. At the point when the measure of capital increases, the estimation of the ratio climbs if the measure of labor does not climb by a comparative sum. At the point when the measure of labor climbs, the estimation of the ratio falls in case the measure of capital does not climb by a comparative sum. Amid a profound recession (at the time of real GDP facing a decline for a few years), the labor constrain for the most part gets to be littler. This has absolutely been the situation amid the late "extraordinary recession." In case the labor power contracts, the denominator of the capital to labor ratio gets littler. On the off chance that the denominator gets littler and the numerator (measure of capital) does not descend by a comparable sum, the estimation of the ratio overall will increment. Amid a subsidence, the measure of capital in the economy does not climb as fast as it would in great times. Be that as it may, it ought not fall by a colossal sum on the grounds that capital does not have a tendency to vanish rapidly. Along these lines, in a delayed retreat, we ought to hope to see a continuous decrease in capital and a profound decrease in labor. This implies that the capital to labor ratio will increment in this circumstance. c). Is the decline in real GDP from $650 billion to $600 billion a recession? No, because in case of recession, GDP decline is for several yeras QUESTION 3 a). Clearly distinguish between the causes of demand-pull and cost-push inflation. b). Using an AD-AS framework, show what happens to GDP, unemployment and the price level for both demand-pull and cost-push inflation. Answer 3 a). Clearly distinguish between the causes of demand-pull and cost-push inflation. The distinction between these two sorts of inflation is established in their reasons. These two have the same impacts (expanding level of price), however they are brought on by diverse things. Demand-pull inflation is brought on by abundance demand. At the point when the individuals in general get additional cash they find themselves capable to shell out further for products and administrations (if not further merchandise and administrations are delivered). Economists discuss more cash "pursuing" the similar measure of merchandise and services. This reasons deficiencies and costs increase. Cost-push inflation is brought about by disturbances in supply. These disturbances reason increments in the cost of manufacture. That prompts inflation. Case in point, an ascent in the cost of oil causes essentially all making to end up more lavish. b). Using an AD-AS framework, show what happens to GDP, unemployment and the price level for both demand-pull and cost-push inflation. Inflation is the determined hike when all is said in common level of price. Demand pull inflation is a kind where there is an increment in level of price because of the increment in the total demand. Then again the cost push inflation is when cost level increments because of the increment in the cost of inputs like expansion in pays and resources. The increment in cost of resources reduces the short run total supply which expands the level of price. Therefore in case there is a shift in the curve for supply rearward we state that inflation is cost push and at the time there is a rightward move in the curve for demand we articulate that its demand-pull inflation. Question 4 a). How is inflation measured? The Consumer Price Index (CPI) plus the succession price index of Domestic Final Demand (DFD) are two significant gauges of inflation inside Australia. They calculate the common rate at which prices transform within Australia. The CPI has been devised like a common gauge of price inflation visage by family units, whereas the DFD price index envelops ultimate acquisitions by industry and government in addition to homes (Rotemberg and Woodford,1997). b). With inflation there are always losers and winners, explain. Inflation generates winners as well as losers. Identifying who wins is imperative for comprehension the reasons for which it is in some cases permitted to persevere. At the point when inflation is normal and stable, it is somewhat kindhearted. Individuals and establishments can anticipate it and incorporate it with their choice making. In case inflation is sudden, it makes a win-lose circumstance in the public eye. Inflation hurts more than making a difference. Moneylenders and savers together lose when inflation surpasses desires. Both win investment rates that accept a little rate of inflation, and at time the real rate surpasses the normal rate, savers and moneylenders are hurt. People existing on fixed earnings are likewise hurt by inflation. Amid times of unforeseen inflation, settled salary receivers witness their real earnings decay. Experts on a settled compensation or retirees on an altered benefits lose obtaining power the length of the rate of inflation surpasses the rate at which their boosts in salary (Skidelsky, 2009). An alternate gathering that advantages from an increment in buyer costs in the short run is makers. At the point when surprising inflation happens, customer costs ascend whereas compensation remunerated to representatives stay generally steady. This permits makers to practice higher benefits for a period until incomes conform to replicate the higher costs purchasers are disbursing. Borrowers advantage from a general increment in costs or a diminishment in obtaining force. At the point when people, organizations, and governments acquire, it is generally at a settled rate of investment that had a little normal level of inflation incorporated with it. In case higher than anticipated inflation happens, then the real estimation of the borrower's obligation is lessened. Question 5 a). Explain how the spending multiplier works in the Keynesian economic model. Keynesian model is the outlook that in the short run, particularly amid recessions, profitable yield is unequivocally impacted through total demand (aggregate payments within the economy). within the Keynesian perspective, total demand does not so much matches the dynamic limit of the economy; rather, it is affected through an assemblage of variables and frequently carries on unpredictably, influencing production, job, and inflation (Solow, 1956). The multiplier impact is abused by governments endeavoring to utilize monetary boost approaches to expand the all-purpose level of economic action. This could be possible in a time of recession or economic vulnerability, while redundancy of labor is elevated and different assets are less-utilized. Expanded spending by government builds the rate of aggregate demand, expanding business movement, which expands salary, which further builds spending and total demand, in a temperate cycle. The thought is that the aggregate increment in production and salary by all gatherings all through the economy might be more prominent than the first addition to government spending, as extra assets are drawn into the round streams of cash spending and business movement through the economy. The presence of unmoving limit and automatic unemployment of labor in the economy can be spoken to as a yield crevice - a contrast between real GDP and potential GDP - and an arrangement of monetary jolt may go for pr esenting sufficient extra spending, increased by the multiplier, to speed the end of the yield hole. Keynesian economics depends on government spending to kick off a country and economic development amid languid economic downturns. Like established economists, Keynesians accept the country and economy is comprised of purchaser spending, business venture and government spending (Woodford, 2003). Be that as it may, Keynesian hypothesis directs that administration spending can enhance or take the spot of economic development without shopper spending or business speculation. b). Explain the differences between the Classical view of aggregate supply and the Keynesian view. Draw diagrams where possible to explain your answer. The Classical accepted that the level of price would have no impact on genuine yield. Financial operators did not comprise Money Illusion, which could result in monetary specialists to believe that a change in the level of price is really an alteration in the genuine wage and lead to a change in their generation choices. In the short run, generally, wages and costs move together so the genuine compensation does not change. Given that the real compensation does not transform not one or the other does business or yield choices. Hence, the classical economists accepted that the aggregate supply bend was perpendicular. Diagram: Classical Model AS Price level AD Economic Output (Real GDP) The Keynesian AS Curve has a retrogressive L shape. Until yield achieves complete vocation, the AS bend is leveled; once complete work is arrived at, the AS bend is perpendicular. Diagram: Keynesian Model AS Price level AD Economic Output (Real GDP) Classical financial hypothesis is established in the idea of a free enterprise monetary business sector. A free enterprise -otherwise called free- -business obliges practically zero legislature intercession. It likewise permits people to act as per their own particular self enthusiasm with respect to monetary choices. This guarantees monetary assets are dispensed by yearnings of people and organizations in the commercial center. Classical financial aspects utilizes the worth hypothesis to focus costs in the monetary business sector. A thing and quality is dead set focused around creation yield, engineering and wages paid to deliver the thing (Lucas, 2004). Keynesian monetary hypothesis depends on spending and aggregate demand to characterize the financial commercial center. Keynesian economists accept the aggregate demand is regularly affected by open and private choices. Open choices speak to government orgs and regions. Private choices incorporate people and organizations in the financial commercial center. Keynesian financial hypothesis depends vigorously on the way that a country money related approach can influence an organization and economy (Phelps, 1968). QUESTION 6 Refer to the table below and determine the following: a). Complete the consumption schedule and show the consumption and saving schedules graphically. b). Determine the MPC and MPS for each change in the income level. a) and b) Level of output and income (GDP = DI) ($ billion) Consumption ($ billion) Saving ($ billion) MPC= Consumed income/Total Income MPS= Saved Income/Total Income Multiplier =1/MPS 240 244 -4 1.02 -0.02 -60.00 260 260 0 1.00 0.00 - 280 276 4 0.99 0.01 70.00 300 292 8 0.97 0.03 37.50 320 308 12 0.96 0.04 26.67 340 324 16 0.95 0.05 21.25 360 340 20 0.94 0.06 18.00 380 356 24 0.94 0.06 15.83 400 372 28 0.93 0.07 14.29 c). Determine the breakeven point. Break-even level of income is where saving equals zero, so here breakeven point is where income is $260 billion. d). Explain what happens to the consumption and saving schedules when disposable income increases. The way to seeing how an ascent in disposable wage influences family spending is to comprehend the idea of the marginal propensity to consumption i.e. devour (MPC). The marginal propensity to devour is the change in customer spending emerging from a change in disposable salary (Krugman, 2009). In case, for instance your disposable wage hikes by 50,000 and you decide to burn through 30,000 of this on additional products and administrations, then the mpc is 30,000/50000 or 66%. In the event that you picked rather to spend just 25,000 of the increment in pay, then the MPC would be 0.5) References Krugman, P. (2009), How Did Economists Get It so Wrong?, New York Times Magazine, September 6. Lucas R. E. Jr. (2004), My Keynesian Education, in De Vroey, M. and K. Hoover (eds.), The IS-LM Model: Its Rise, Fall, and Strange Persistence, Duke University Press, pp. 1224. Phelps, E. (1968), Money Wage Dynamics and Labour Market Equilibrium, Journal of Political Economy, vol. 76, pp. 678-711 Rotemberg, J. and M. Woodford (1997), An Optimization-Based Econometric Framework for the Evaluation of Monetary Policy, in B. Bernanke and J. Rotemberg (ed.), NBER Macroeconomics Annual 1997, vol. 12, Cambr. (Mass.): pp. 297-346. Skidelsky, R. (2009), The Return of the Master, London: Public Affairs. Solow, R. (1956), A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 70, pp. 65-94. Woodford, M. (2003), Interest and Prices: Foundations of a Theory of Monetary Policy, Princeton University Press. Young, W. (1987), Interpreting Mr. Keynes: The IS-LM Enigma, Cambridge: Polite Press.

Evaluation of Various Accounting Policies-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Using the American Accounting Association (AAA) ethical decision model and relevant ethics standards to recommend a course of action for Janelle. 2.With reference to relevant case law, prepare a report for the managing partner of MYH on the strength of any negligence case that GGL might bring against MYH. The report should follow standard report structure. Information on report writing can be found here. Answers: 1.During the year 1990, Langenderfer and Rockness developed the different concepts of the American Accounting Association (AAA) model. AAA model provides the auditors with seven logical steps in order to deal with different ethical situation in auditing (Hope, Thomas Vyas, 2013). It needs to be mentioned that the application of the seven-step model of AAA is required in the provided case of Great Gold Limited (GGL) to provide logical course of actions. The main area of concern of this case is related with the leasing of apportion of their machinery from Big Machine Limited (BML) in spite of the fact that there is availability of other machinery suppliers in the region supplying small portion of the machineries. Apart from this, another major ethical issue can be seen due to the increase in profit under the directorship of Brent Allen related with the leasing of significant part of the machinery. In this situation, it is required for the auditor to apply the seven step model of AAA t o get recommended course of action (Yetman Yetman, 2012). Step 1: Facts Identification: This step involves in the identification of major facts with te concerned cases. In this particular situation, the major unethical case is related with the lease of large proportion of machinery to GGL by the director of the company in the presence of other small suppliers of machinery in that region (Kassem Higson, 2012). Step 2: Ethical Issues in the Case: In this AAA model, the second step involves in the identification of major ethical issues related with the provided case. Thus, based on the analysis of the provided case, an assertion can be presented that shows the motive of the director of GGL to increase the profit of BML that leads to the creation of an unethical situation (Craft, 2013). Step 3: Identification of Norms, Principles and Values Related with the Case: In the provided case, the norms, values and principles related with the directors of the company indicates towards the principle of integrity. It is the responsibility of the companies to make sure that there is compliance between corporate governance principles and ethical code of conducts while performing the business operations of these two companies. In the provided case study, the main ethical issue is related with professional integrity at the workplace. There has been major violation in the principle of integrity due to the intention of the director to increase the profit of BML with the help of significant lease of machinery. The inability of the auditors to demonstrate ethical principle and sound moral can also been seen. Thus, the director of the company has failed to act in fair, honest and ethical manner (Michels,2012). Another major ethical principle involved in this case is Due Care and Professionalism of the auditors while executing the audit procedures. It is the requirement of the director of the company to act in the most ethical manner and discharge legal duties professionally as per the ethical principle and code of conducts. Hence, the director of the company has shown an incorrect moral and ethical behavior (Michels, 2012). Step 4: Determination of Alternative Course of Action: There can be two situation in this case. In the first situation, one can simply ignore the ethical issues for director and let the profitability be increased. However, the second option demands the director not to lease the large portion of machinery to GGL (Ball, 2013). Step 5: Determination of the Best Course of Action: In this case, the best course of action according to the norms, principles and values is not to lease the significant part of the machinery to GGL. In addition, the company is required to lease the small portion of machinery as it will be majorly helpful in avoiding the occurrence of unethical situations related with profitability. This aspect will be helpful in the true and fair value of the financial statements. It needs to be mentioned that this course of action will be supported by the norms and ethical principles that will lead to the true and fair presentation of financial statements. Moreover, the auditors will be majorly accountable for making it sure that they address all the aspects that lead to the breach of ethical principles. Otherwise, it will be considered as the audit failures (Blankespoor et al., 2013). Step 6: Consequences of Courses of Action: Under the first option, the director will be continuing to lease the large portion of the machinery from BML. It will increase the profitability of the company along with the wealth of the directors. However, at the same time, the director will expose himself to the risk of the breach of ethical principle and legal risks (Michels, 2012). Under the second option, the directors will refuse to increase the profit of the company. This particular aspect will affect the relation between the auditor and the director. This particular situation will ensure that there is a violation of the ethical norms and principles. This aspect will be majorly helpful in maintaining the reputation and social standing of the auditors that will increase the confidence of the public and the stakeholders. Most importantly, the second option will be highly beneficial for the application of ethical perspectives in different aspects like the independence of the board, the protection of investor interest and many others (Michels, 2012). Step 7: The Decision: Under the model of director, it is the responsibility of the decision makers to consider the major aspects of ethical norms, principles and values while making the decisions. All these aspects will make the decision makers to make effective decisions. In this particular case, the application of the steps of AAA states that the intention of the director to increase the profit of the company with leasing is highly unethical from the part of the directors. For this reason, the director is required to be questionable in order to provide justification on the parts of accountability, transparency and appropriate governance in the business organizations. This is an important part in this model (Blankley, Hurtt MacGregor, 2012). 2.Introduction The provided case study deals with the issue of GGL related with the decrease in the prices of the shares. Moreover, there are many instances suggesting the situation that a large amount of contingent liability was included in the account of the previous year. This particular aspect contributed towards the raise of several damage claims from the part of the shareholders in the last annual meeting. At the same time, there were many opinion related to the inclusion of the large amount of contingent liability in the financial statements of the previous year for the negligence of the auditors (Vijayakumar Nagaraja, 2012). Application of Due Diligence While addressing MYH, it needs to be mentioned that the directors of the companies have the obligating to act with loyalty and professional due care. It implies that the directors are required t act in the most ethical men net for the betterment of the companies. This aspect will be largely helpful from the part of the shareholders, as it will help in increasing value of the shareholders (Munsif, Raghunandan Rama, 2012). In the provided situation of MYH, it can be said that the action of GGL is a wrong thing that can damage the wealth of the shareholders to suffer huge loss, the development of legal liability for the individual shareholders and all these aspects can lead to torturous acts. It needs to be mentioned that crimes fall under the tort law. However, there will be not be any restriction on the course of actions on the crime due to the negligence of the harm of the shareholders by the company (Munsif, Raghunandan Rama, 2012). There are some major identical duties of the directors that can also be found in other jurisdictions; more specifically, they are subject to loyalty and duty of care. Thus, it is the responsibility of the directors to act in the best ethical manner for the interest of the company and the shareholders. This can be considered as a major benefit for the shareholders in the presence of the obligation of creating value for the shareholders. In this process, the directors are required to avoid any conflict of interest (Newton et al., 2015). The violation of the standards of corporate governance can be seen from the company while deterring the duties of the auditors and the directors. In the case Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Rich, the failure of director in meeting the liability can be seen along with the failure in meeting the duty of care; and all these aspects led to the collapse of the whole organization. In this perspective, GGL has the authority to take action of tort law against MYH as the director of the companies has real intention in omitting the large contingent liability from being included in the correct accounts. This action may lead to the non-reflection of the true and fair value of the financial condition of the company (Varzaly, 2012). Compensatory Damage These negligent factors can have the ability to encourage the shareholders of GGL due to the burden to meet the debts falls on the shareholders. In case of MYH, GGL has the authority to make the claim for damage for the incurred losses. According to the laws, the damages can be compensated with the award of money to the persons who bear the loss or injury. The classification of damage can be done in punitive damage or compensatory damage. In case of GGL, the specific negligence action can lead to compensatory damage for the shareholders due to their economic losses like reduction in earning and others. For this reason, GGL can take actions against MYH due to blatant negligence actions that result in compensatory damage (Daniela Attila, 2013). In the case of Lee v Chou Wen Hsein (1948), the judgment of the Privy Council allowed the private company to have the provision of the directors for the removal of the other directors. In this situation, the removal of the directors from the office does not have any impact on the directors for claiming the breach of contract (Van Dam, 2013). On the other hand, it is the requirement of the directors for the determination of the overall response for addressing the risks by assigning and supervising the employees to take significant responsibilities of engagement. The current situation shows the failure of the auditors in considering the contingent liability in the companys book for expressing the true and fair value of the company to its shareholders and investors. Moreover, the failure of the auditors can be seen in the evaluation of accounting policies for financial reporting (Hermanson, Smith Stephens, 2012). In the provided case of GGL, the analytical process states that the unrecognized amount of contingent liability leads to the development of material missstements. For this reason, the financial statements of the company may not convey the true financial position of the company. Thus, it is the responsibility of the auditors to assess these material misstatements in order to find out that whether have been created from financial fraud. In case of GGL, there was a greater need to address omission of contingent liability for reevaluating the responses of risk assessment (Daniela Attila, 2013). For this reason, there is a need to make significant decision in respect to susceptibility of material misstatements in the financial statements due to the omission of contingent liability. Thus, based on the above discussion, GGL has the full authority to take action against MYH for tort of negligence. Negative action can lead to compensatory damage for the shareholders that can lead to major economic losses to the shareholders (Munsif, Raghunandan Rama, 2012). Conclusion Based on the whole discussion, it can be said that there is a need for the determination of the overall response for addressing the assed risks with the help of assigning and supervising necessary individuals to take significant engagement responsibilities. The responsibility of the auditors is the evaluation of various accounting policies related with the omission of contingent liability. Moreover, the involvement of the director can increase the profit of the company due to the lease of machinery. For this reason, there is a need for the application of appropriate steps of AAA with the organization. References Ball, R. (2013). Accounting informs investors and earnings management is rife: Two questionable beliefs.Accounting Horizons,27(4), 847-853. Blankespoor, E., Linsmeier, T. J., Petroni, K. R., Shakespeare, C. (2013). Fair value accounting for financial instruments: Does it improve the association between bank leverage and credit risk?.The Accounting Review,88(4), 1143-1177. Blankley, A. I., Hurtt, D. N., MacGregor, J. E. (2012). Abnormal audit fees and restatements.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,31(1), 79-96. Craft, J. L. (2013). A review of the empirical ethical decision-making literature: 20042011.Journal of business ethics,117(2), 221-259. Daniela, P., Attila, T. (2013). Internal audit versus internal control and coaching.Procedia Economics and Finance,6, 694-702. Hermanson, D. R., Smith, J. L., Stephens, N. M. (2012). How effective are organizations' internal controls? Insights into specific internal control elements.Current Issues in Auditing,6(1), A31-A50. Hope, O. K., Thomas, W. B., Vyas, D. (2013). Financial reporting quality of US private and public firms.The Accounting Review,88(5), 1715-1742. Kassem, R., Higson, A. (2012). The new fraud triangle model.Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences,3(3), 191. Michels, J. (2012). Do unverifiable disclosures matter? Evidence from peer-to-peer lending.The Accounting Review,87(4), 1385-1413. Michels, J. (2012). Do unverifiable disclosures matter? Evidence from peer-to-peer lending.The Accounting Review,87(4), 1385-1413. Munsif, V., Raghunandan, K., Rama, D. V. (2012). Internal control reporting and audit report lags: Further evidence.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,31(3), 203-218. Newton, N. J., Persellin, J. S., Wang, D., Wilkins, M. S. (2015). Internal control opinion shopping and audit market competition.The Accounting Review,91(2), 603-623. Van Dam, C. (2013).European tort law. OUP Oxford. Varzaly, J. (2012). Protecting the authority of directors: an empirical analysis of the statutory business judgment rule.Journal of Corporate Law Studies,12(2), 429-463. Vijayakumar, A. N., Nagaraja, N. (2012). Internal Control Systems: Effectiveness of Internal Audit in Risk Management at Public Sector Enterprises.BVIMR Management Edge,5(1). Yetman, M. H., Yetman, R. J. (2012). Do donors discount low-quality accounting information?.The Accounting Review,88(3), 1041-1067