Main Features of Linguistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Main Features of Linguistics - Essay Example The specific nature of the social and stylistic factors of the Trinidadian Creole which prove the "greatness in the written word" of Selvon is manifest in his short story "The Cricket Match." It is particularly notable that "the Creole that Selvon writes it is, in fact, a modified form of dialect that roughly approximates Trinidadian speech, but is not as precise a rendition as the Jamaican Creole... What makes Selvon's writing so distinctive is, therefore, his use of humor to undercut the seriousness of the issues that he is describing in his narrative." (Maceddo 2007). Therefore, it is worth mentioning that "The Cricket Match" has, as in his famous The Lonely Londoners, employed a similarly mild satirical technique and the gentle, ironic form of humor. In this paper, a close study of the passage from the short story is carried out in order to identify and classify the elements of language used which serves the purpose of linguistic analysis. In linguistics, stylistic analysis means the identification of patterns of usage in language whereas, from the literary point of view, it serves in making authoritative observations of the merit and meaning of the literary text. In a well-directed linguistic analysis of "The Cricket Match" on the basis of the underlying social and stylistic factors, it is notable that these linguistic variables have been masterfully implemented by the author to give the story an emphatic tone of his specific writing style. It is, therefore, significant to identify some of the most obvious stylistic features of the story as it will prove the actual worth of the literary text. The stereotyped expressions or the cliches that are cleverly used in the story may be particularly noted as they form part of the variety of the language that the author has chosen for his writing. Thus, we notice expressions like 'singing a calypso,' 'in truth and in fact,' 'take it from me,' ' authority in the factory on cricke t,' etc. to mention a few.  In this way, the writer convinces the readers the specific quality of his language style.

Achievement Motivation Essay Example for Free

Achievement Motivation Essay What is it? This links personality with the degree of competitiveness shown by an individual. Its main focus is the extent to which an individual is motivated to attain success. Some Theories about it   Murray (1938) indicated that it was natural for individual to strive to surpass another (genetically) like trait. Bandura (1977) believed that a competitive drive was a product of learning (social learning). Atkinson and McCelland (1976) has the view of an interactionist and predicts achievement motivation is generated through a combination of personality and situation factors. Atkinson and McCelland view of achievement motivation as a personality trait which is activated by a situation, the situation comprises the probability of success and the incentive value of success. -Probability of success;the extent to which success is likely;For example success is more likely of the task is found by the individual to be easy. -Incentive value of success;the incentive value experienced by the individual after success-been achieved. For example the harder the task the greater will be the incentive value because the probability of success is reduced. There are two personality types to determine achievement motivation and these are; 1.High need to achieve (high Nach) Linked with the low need to avoid failure (Low Naf). With these characteristic, desire to succeed overcomes the fear of failure. These performers=high in achievement motivation (high achievers) 2.Low need to achieve (Low Nach) Also linked with high need to avoid failure (High Naf). These characteristics the fear of failure overcome the desire to success. These performers=low in achievement motivation (low achievers) Characteristics of high and low achievement motivation personality traits. High Nach Personality Characteristics Low Nach personality characteristics High need to achieve Low need to achieve Low need to avoid failure High need to avoid failure Approach behaviour is adopted Avoidance behaviour is adopted Challenges is accepted Challenges is rejected Risks are undertaken Risks are declined Shows persistence and perseverance when task is difficult Curtails effort when task is difficult Success tends to be attributed to external factors Failure tends to be attributed to internal factors Failure is seen as a route to success Failure is seen as the route to further failure Aspire to mastery orientation Adopt learned helpessness Key Terms Approach behaviour-describes behaviour that accepts a challenge Avoidance behaviour-describes behaviour that rejects a challenge Attribution-The process that predict reasons for success or failure Mastery Orientation-The strong motive to succeed found in the high achievement. This type of person will expect to succeed but will persist when failure is experienced Learned helplessness-The belief that failure is inevitable and that the individual has no control over the factors that cause failure. Atkinson and McCelland Their theory of achievement motivation is best at predicting behavioural responses in situations where there is a 50/50 chance of success. This will trigger motivation for those performers with high achievement traits=likely  to display approach behaviour and mastery orientation characteristics in these circumstances. Incentive value=high when chance is evenly balanced. In contrast to performers who show low achievement motivation would experience greatest anxiety in situations with a 50/50 chance of success— later adopt avoidance behaviour and experience learned helplessness. Approach or avoidance behaviours likely to arise when in a evaluative situation=Situation in which an individual believes they are being assessed. Drawbacks 1.Achievement or success can interpreted in many ways. Some performers regard success as victory over others. For example a long jump athlete winning an event. These people are said to have ego goal orientation. Those with this believe that ability and comparison over others=criteria for success. 2.Others judge on the basis of person improvement in a given task-For example a second long jump athlete may view success as the achievement of an improved performance. These people are said to have task orientation. Those with the task orientation value internal goals and believe that effort and comparison with self=criteria for success. Sport Specific Achievement Motivation(Competitiveness) Competitiveness in this context means- motivation to achieve in sport. Gill and Deeter (1988), using their own test called the ‘Sport Orientation Questionnaire’ (SOQ), confirmed that athletes were far more competitive than non-athletes. As as statement, this would appear obvious. Evidence of greater significance-athletes favoured performance goals (task orientation) while non-athletes emphasised the importance of winning (ego orientation) The type of goal set by the teacher as the measure of success in sport-related activities has, therefore, a significant influence upon the decision to adopt and sustain an active and healthy lifestyle. The important association between sport-specific motivation (competitiveness), confidence and goal setting.

Through A Narrow Chink: An Ethical Dilemma :: essays research papers

Through A Narrow Chink: An Ethical Dilemma In 1951 Carl Djerassi, with the Mexican pharmaceutical company Syntex, developed the first oral contraceptive by synthesizing and altering the natural hormone Progesterone into a superpotent, highly effective oral progestational hormone called "norethindrone". Admittedly, the dynamics and importance of this find were astounding, since before this the only means of contraception was abortion, and even that was not legalized at the time. The race to produce this synthetic agent was highly competitive, being sought after by many pharmaceuticals throughout the world, and for a small fledgling company in Mexico of all places to find it first only added to the excitement of the achievement. Yet aside from all this excitement and competitive fervor something great and disturbing was being bypassed. Science, in my view had done something great without looking into the possibilities of where this would lead. I believe Djerassi, similar to most scientists of his day, was so entranced by the excitement of synthesizing his product and achieving his goal that he did not stop to think of the ramifications of his accomplishment. The ethical dilemma was not explored before hand, and this to me is the great tragedy of most scientific discovery, since I firmly believe each scientist is responsible for that which he creates. Djerassi does confront a few questions of ethics and morality after the fact. On page 61, in chapter 6, he reflects on the argument of the use of poor Mexican and Puertorrican women for preliminary experiments. Is this just another manifestation of exploitation of the poor? Djerassi says absolutely not. Yes, the poor our the initial guinea pigs for research but this is no different from what dentists, barbers, and young surgeons do. All of these groups use the poor to hone their skills, not because of the poor women's ignorance but because middle class, suburbanite, white women are unlikely to volunteer their services for the sake of science. My main problem with this is that he claims they will not "volunteer" their services. Of course not, they are aware of the possible detrimental effects of such experimentation. This is obviously because they are probably more highly educated the poor Hispanic women. Poverty often precludes a lack of good schooling and education. Thus the awareness of such a group to scientific studies will most likely be much lower. They probably knew nothing of scientific research at all, let alone how to read a consent form that leaves them without legal recourse. Djerassi mentions this as well, the idea that he can not offer them consent forms because they can't read. That seems preposterous to me! If he can not inform his patients of the possible side effects then what

Half Caste and Two Scavengers in a Truck, Two Beautiful People in a Mercedes :: John Agard Lawrence Ferlinghetti Culture Essays

Half Caste and Two Scavengers in a Truck, Two Beautiful People in a Mercedes Of the two poems from the other cultures booklet, I have decided to compare â€Å"Half-caste† by John Agard and â€Å"Two Scavengers in a Truck, Two Beautiful People in a Mercedes† by Lawrence Ferlinghetti. In this essay I will discuss the meaning of the two poems and what the poet is trying to get the reader to think and / or realise. The poem describes four people held together for a moment at a red traffic light. There are two scavengers, garbage men 'on their way home' after their round, and two beautiful people, an elegant couple 'on the way to his architect's office'. The garbage men’s day ends where the young couple's begins. The poet compares the two pairs in detail, and then seems to ask - at the end of the poem - whether America really is a democracy. The poem's structure is fairly free. The poet doesn't use punctuation; instead, he begins a new line when he wants us to pause in our reading. This slows the poem down and gives us time to appreciate each idea. The poem appears very fragmented on the page. This might suggest the fragmented or 'broken' nature of society? The language used in this poem is used in different ways to convey his ideas. For example; the title shows us straight away that the poem will be about the contrasts between two pairs of people. ‘Scavengers’ is a belittling term for the garbage men because it suggests that they live off the rubbish of others - a scavenger beetle lives off rotting flesh. However, Beautiful People is a compliment. So, right from the start, we feel the garbage men are at a disadvantage. In line 7 Ferlinghetti writes the garbage men are 'looking down' into the Mercedes. This is literally because the garbage truck is taller than the car; there is a hidden ironic message too. You might have expected the rich couple to 'look down on' the garbage men, not the other way round. The descriptions of the four people are very visual, making it easy to imagine the scene. Appearances tell us a lot. The rich couple are very fashionable: he has an expensive 'hip three-piece linen suit' (line 11) while her blond hair is 'casually coifed' (line 13). On the other hand, the garbage men are grungy (line 17). The younger one has sunglasses & long hair (line 24) just like the Mercedes driver, which forces us to compare the two. The poem wants us to seriously consider how different two people of the same age and race could be so

Nb Assessment

Table 21-2 SUMMARY OF NEWBORN ASSESSMENT *MCH pages 479-473| NORMAL| ABNORMAL (POSSIBLE CAUSES)| NURSING CONSIDERATIONS| Initial AssessmentAssess for obvious problems first. If infant is stable and has no problems that require immediate attention, continue with complete assessment. | Vital Signs| TemperatureAxillary: 36. 5– 37. 5 °C (97. 7 – 99. 5 °F). Axilla is preferred site. | Decreased (cold environment, hypoglycemia, infection, CNS problem). Increased (infection, environment to warm). | Decreased: Institute warming measures and check in 30 minutes. Check blood glucose. Increased: the excessive clothing.Check for dehydration. Decreased or increased: look for signs of infection. Check radiant warmer or incubator temperature setting. Check thermometer for accuracy if skin is warm or cool to touch. Report abnormal temperature to physician. | PulsesHeart rate 120 – 160 BPM. (100 sleeping, 180 crying). Rhythm regular. PMI at 3rd-4th intercostal space lateral t o mid-clavicular line. Brachial, femoral, and pedal pulses present and equal bilaterally. | Tachycardia (respiratory problems, anemia, infection, cardiac conditions). Bradycardia (asphyxia, increased intracranial pressure).PMI to right (dextrocardia-heart situated to right of body, pneumothorax). Murmurs (normal or congenital heart defects). Dysrhythmias. Absent or unequal pulses (coarctation of the aorta). | Note location of murmurs. Refer abnormal rates, rhythms and sounds, pulses. | RespirationsRate 30 -60 (AVG 40 -49) BrPM. Respirations irregular, shallow, unlabored. Chest movements symmetric. Breath sounds present and clear bilaterally. | Tachypnea, especially after the first hour (respiratory distress). Slow respirations (maternal medications). Nasal flaring (respiratory distress). Grunting (respiratory distress syndrome).Gasping (respiratory depression). Periods of apnea more than 20 seconds or with change in heart rate or color (respiratory depression, sepsis, cold stress). Asymmetry or decreased chest expansion (pneumothorax). Intercostal, xiphoid, supraclavicular retractions or see-saw (paradoxical) respirations (respiratory distress). Moist, coarse breath sounds (crackles, rhonchi) (fluid in the lungs). Bowel sounds in chest (diaphragmatic hernia). | Mild variations require continued monitoring and usually clear early hours after birth. If persistent or more than mild, suction, give oxygen, call physician, and initiate more intensive care. Blood Pressure Varies with age, weight, activity, and gestational age. Average systolic 65-95 mm Hg, average diastolic 30-60 mm Hg. | Hypotension (hypovolemia, shock, sepsis). BP 20 mm Hg or higher in arms than legs (coarctation of the aorta). | Refer abnormal blood pressures. Prepare for intensive care and very low. | Measurements| Weight2500-4000 g (5 lbs. 8 oz. to 8 lbs. 13 oz. ). Weight loss up to 10% in early days. | High (low gestational age LGA, maternal diabetes). Low (small for gestational age SGA, preter m, multifetal pregnancy, medical conditions and mother that affected fetal growth).Weight loss above 10% (dehydration, feeding problems). | Determine causeMonitor for complications common to cause. | Length48-53 cm (19-21 inches)| Below normal (SGA, congenital dwarfism). Above normal (LGA, maternal diabetes). | Determine causeMonitor for complications common to cause. | Head Circumference32-38 cm (12. 5-15 inches). Head and neck are approximately ? of infants body surface. | Small (SGA, microcephaly, anencephaly-absence of large part of brain or skull). Large (LGA, hydrocephalus, increased intracranial pressure). | Determine causeMonitor for complications common to cause. | Chest Circumference30-36 cm (12-14 inches).Is 2 cm less than head circumference. | Large (LGA). Small (SGA). | Determine causeMonitor for complications common to cause. | Posture Flexed extremities move freely, resist extension, return quickly to flexed state. Hands usually clenched. Movements symmetric. Slight t remors on crying. Breech: extended, stiff legs. â€Å"Molds† body to caretaker’s body when held, responds by quieting when needs met. | Limp, flaccid, floppy, or rigid extremities (preterm, hypoxia, medications, CNS trauma). Hypertonic (neonatal abstinence syndrome, CNS injury). Jitteriness or tremors (low glucose for calcium level).Opisthotonos- extreme hyperextension of body, seizures, stiff when held (CNS injury). | Seek cause, refer abnormalities. | CryLusty, strong. | High-pitched (increased intracranial pressure). Week, absent, irritable, cat-like â€Å"mewing† (neurologic problems). Hoarse or crowing (laryngeal irritation). | Observe for changes in report abnormalities. | Skincolor pink or tan with acrocyanosis (cyanotic discoloration of extremities). Vernix caseosa in creases. Small amounts of lanugo (fine,soft downy hair) over shoulders, sides of face, forehead, upper back. Skin turgor good with quick recoil. Some cracking and peeling of skin.Normal var iations: Milia (tiny white bumps). Skin tags. Erythema toxicum (flea bite† rash). Puncture on scalp (from electrode). Mongolian spots. | Color: cyanosis of mouth and central areas (hypoxia). Facial bruising (nuchal cord). Pallor (anemia, hypoxia). Gray (hypoxia, hypotension). Red, sticky, transparent skin (very preterm). Greenish brown discoloration of skin, nails, cord (possible fetal compromise, postterm). Harlequin color (normal transient autonomic imbalance). Mottling (normal or cold stress, hypovolemia, sepsis). Jaundice (pathologic if first 24h). Yellow vernix (blood incompatibilities). Thick vernix (preterm).Delivery Marks: bruises on body (pressure), scalp (vacuum extractor), or face (cord around neck). Petechiae (pressure, low platelet count, infection). Forceps marks. Birthmarks: Mongolian spots. Nevus simplex (salmon patch,† stork bite†). Nevus flammeus (port-wine stain). Nevus vasculosus (strawberry hemangioma). Cafe au lait spots (6+) larger than 0. 5c m in size (neurofibromatosis). Other: excessive lanugo (preterm). Excessive peeling, cracking (postterm). Pustules or other rashes (infection). â€Å"Tenting† of skin (dehydration). | Differentiate patient bruising from cyanosis. Central cyanosis requires suction, oxygen and further treatment.Refer jaundice in first 24 hours or more extensive than expected for age. Watch for respiratory problems in infants with meconium staining. Look for signs and complications of preterm or postterm birth. Record location, size, shape, color, type of rashes and marks. Differentiate Mongolian spots from bruises. Check for facial movement with forceps marks. Watch for jaundice with bruising. Point out and explain normal skin variations to parents. | Head Sutures palpable with small separation between each. Anterior fontanel diamond shaped, 4-5 cm, soft and flat. Many bulge slightly with crying. Posterior fontanel triangular, 0. 5-1 cm.Hair silky and soft with individual hair strands. Normal v ariations: overriding sutures (molding). Caput succedaneum or cephalohematoma (pressure during birth). | Head large (hydrocephalus, increased intracranial pressure) or small (microcephaly). Widely separated sutures (hydrocephalus) or hard, ridged area at sutures (craniosynostosis- birth defect that causes one or more sutures on a baby's head to close earlier than normal). Anterior fontanel depressed (dehydration, molding), full or bulging at rest (increased intracranial pressure). Woolly, bunchy hair (preterm). Unusual hair growth (genetic abnormalities). | Seek cause of variations.Observe for signs of dehydration with depressed fontanel; increased intracranial pressure with bulging of fontanel and wide separation of sutures. Refer for treatment. Differentiate Caput succedaneum from cephalohematoma, and reassure parents of normal outcome. Observe for jaundice with cephalohematoma. | Ears Ears well-formed and complete. Area where upper ear meets head even with imaginary line drawn fr om outer canthus of eye. Startle response to loud noises. Alerts to high-pitched voices. | Low set ears (chromosomal disorders). Skin tags, pre-auricular sinuses, dimples (may be associated with kidney or other abnormalities).No response to sound (deafness). | Check voiding if ears abnormal Look for signs of chromosomal abnormality if position abnormal. Refer for evaluation if no response to sound. | FaceSymmetric and appearance and movement. Parts proportional and appropriately placed. | Asymmetry (pressure imposition in utero). Drooping of mouth or one side of face,† one-sided cry† (facial nerve injury). Abnormal appearance (chromosomal abnormalities). | Seek cause of variations. Check delivery history for possible cause of injury to facial nerve. | Eyes Symmetric. Eyes clear. Transient strabismus. Scant or absent tears.Pupils equal, react to light. Alerts to interesting sights. Doll’s eye sign- reflex movement of the eyes in the opposite direction to that which the head is moved, the eyes being lowered as the head is raised, and the reverse (Cantelli sign); an indication of functional integrity of the brainstem tegmental pathways and cranial nerves involved in eye movement. Red reflex present- reddish-orange reflection of light from the  eye's  retina. May have subconjunctival hemorrhage or edema of eyelids from pressure during birth. | Inflammation or drainage (chemical or infectious conjunctivitis). Constant tearing (plugged lacrimal duct).Unequal pupils. Failure to follow objects (blindness). White areas over pupils (cataracts). Setting sun sign- downward deviation of the eyes so that each iris appears to â€Å"set† beneath the lower lid, with white sclera exposed between it and the upper lid; indicative of increased intracranial pressure or irritation of the brain stem. (hydrocephalus). Yellow sclera (jaundice). Blue sclera (osteogenesis imperfecta- condition causing extremely fragile bones). | Clean and monitor any drainag e; seek cause. Reassure parents that subconjunctival hemorrhage and edema will clear. Refer other abnormalities. NoseBoth nostrils open to air flow. May have slight flattening from pressure during birth. | Blockage of one or both nasal passages (choanal atresia). Malformations (congenital conditions). Flaring, mucus (respiratory distress). | Observe for respiratory distress. Report malformations. | Mouth Mouth, gums, tongue pink. Tongue normal in size and movement. Lips and palate intact. Sucking pads. Sucking, rooting, swallowing, gag reflexes present. Normal variations: precocious teeth, Epstein’s pearls-Multiple small white epithelial inclusion cysts found in the midline of the palate in most newborns. Cyanosis (hypoxia). White patches on cheek or tongue (candidiasis). Protruding tongue (Down syndrome). Diminished movement of tongue, drooping mouth (facial nerve paralysis). Cleft lip, palate or both. Absent or weak reflexes (preterm, neurologic problem). Excessive drooling (tracheoesophageal atresia). | Oxygen for cyanosis. Expect loose teeth to be removed. Obtain order for antifungal medication for candidiasis. Check mother for vaginal or breast infection. Refer anomalies. | Feeding Good suck/swallow coordination. Retains feedings. | Poorly coordinated suck and swallow (prematurity).Duskiness or cyanosis during feeding (cardiac defects). Choking, gagging, excessive drooling (tracheoesophageal fistula, esophageal atresia). | Feed slowly. Stop frequently if difficulty occurs. Suction and stimulate if necessary. Refer infants with continued difficulty. | Neck/Clavicles Short neck turns head easily side to side. Infant raises head when prone. Clavicles intact. | Weakness, contractures, or ridgidity (muscle abnormalities). Webbing of neck, large fat pad at back of neck (chromosomal disorders). Crepitus, lump, or crying when clavicle or other bones palpated, diminished or absent arm movement (fractures). Fracture of clavicle more frequent in large infants with shoulder dystocia at birth. Immobilize arm. Look for other injuries. Refer abnormalities. | Chest Cylinder shape. Xiphoid process may be prominent. Symmetric. Nipples present and located properly. May have engorgement, white nipple discharge (maternal hormone withdrawal). | Asymmetry (diaphragmatic hernia, pneumothorax). Supernumerary nipples. Redness (infection). | Report abnormalities. | Abdomen Rounded, soft. Bowel sounds present within first hour after birth. Liver palpable 1-2cm below right costal margin. Skin intact. 3 vessels in cord. Clamp tight and cord drying.Meconium passed within 12-48hr. Urine generally passed within 12-24h. Normal variation: â€Å"Brick dust† staining of diaper (uric acid crystals). | Sunken abdomen (diaphragmatic hernia). Distended abdomen or loops of bowel visible (obstruction, infection, and large organs). Absent bowel sounds after first hour (paralytic ileus). Masses palpated (kidney tumors, distended bladder). Enlarged liver (infectio n, heart failure, hemolytic disease). Abdominal wall defects (umbilical or inguinal hernia, omphalocele, gastroschisis, exstrophy of bladder). Two vessels in cord (other anomalies). Bleeding (loose clamp). Redness, drainage from cord (infection).No passage of meconium (imperforate anus, obstruction). Lack of urinary output (kidney anomalies) or inadequate amounts (dehydration). | Refer abnormalities. Assess for other anomalies if only two vessels in cord. Tighten or replace loose cord clamp. If stool and urine output abnormal, look for missed recording, increase feedings, report. | Genitals| Female Labia majora dark, cover clitoris and labia minora. Small amount of white mucus vaginal discharge. Urinary meatus and vagina present. Normal variations: Vaginal bleeding (pseudomenstruation). Hymenal tags. | Clitoris and labia minora larger than labia majora (preterm).Large clitoris (ambiguous genitalia). Edematous labia (breech birth). | Check gestational age for immature genitalia. Refe r anomalies. | Male Testes within scrotal sac, rugae on scrotum, prepuce nonretractable. Meatus at tip of penis. | Testes in inguinal canal or abdomen (preterm, cryptorchidism). Lack of rugae on scrotum (preterm). Edema of scrotum (pressure in breech birth). Enlarged scrotal sac (hydrocele). Small penis, scrotum (preterm, ambiguous genitalia). Empty scrotal sac (cryptorchidism). Urinary meatus located on upper side of penis (epispadias), underside of penis (hypospadias, or perineum.Ventral curvature of the penis (chordee). | Check gestational age for immature genitalia. Refer anomalies. Explain to parents why no circumcision can be performed with abnormal placement of meatus. | Extremities| Upper and Lower ExtremitiesEqual and bilateral movement of extremities, Correct number and formation of fingers and toes. Nails to ends of digits or slightly beyond. Felxion, good muscle tone. | Crepitus, redness, lumps, swelling (fracture). Diminished or absent movement, especially during Moro r eflex (fracture, nerve injury, paralysis). Polydactyly (extra digits). Syndactyly (webbing) Fused or absent digits.Poor muscle tone (preterm, neurologic injury, hypoglycemia, and hypoxia). | Refer all anomalies, look for others. | Upper ExtremitiesTwo transverse palm creases. | Simian crease (normal or Down syndrome). Diminished movement (injury). Diminished movement of arm with extension and forearm prone (Erb-Duchenne paralysis). | Refer all anomalies, look for others. | Lower Extremities Legs equal in length, abduct equally, gluteal and thigh creases and knee height equal, no hip â€Å"clunk†. Normal position of feet. | Ortolani and Barlow tests abnormal, unequal leg length, unequal thigh or gluteal creases (developmental dysplasia of the hip).Malposition of feet (position in utero, talipes equinovarus). | Refer all anomalies, look for others. Check malpositioned feet to see if they can be gently manipulated back to normal position. | BackNo openings observed or felt in ve rtebral column. Anus patent. Sphincter tightly closed. | Failure of one or more vertebrae to close (spina bifida), with or without sac with spinal fluid and meninges (meningocele) or spinal fluid, meninges, and cord (myelomeningocele), enclosed. Tuft of hair over spina bifida occulta. Pilondial dimple or sinus. Imperforate anus. | Refer abnormalities.Observe for movement below level of defect. If sac, cover with sterile dressing wet with sterile saline. Protect from injury. | Reflexes See table 21-3. | Absent, asymmetric or weak reflexes. | Observe for signs of fractures, nerve injury, or injury to CNS. | TABLE 21-3 SUMMARY OF NEONATAL REFLEXES *MCH page 493| REFLEX| METHOD OF TESTING| EXPECTED RESPONSE| ABNORMAL RESPONSE/POSSIBLE CAUSE| TIME REFLEX DISAPPEARS| Babinski| Stroke lateral sole of foot from heel to across base of toes. | Toes flare with dorsiflexion of the big toe. | No response. Bilateral: CNS deficit. Unilateral; local nerve injury. 8-9 mos| Gallant (trunk incurvation )| With infant prone, lightly stroke along the side of the vertebral column. | Entire trunk flexes toward side stimulated. | No response: CNS deficit. | 4 mos| Grasp reflex (palmar and plantar)| Press finger against of infant’s fingers or toes. | Fingers curl tightly; toes curl forward. | Weak or absent: neurologic deficit or muscle injury. | Palmar grasp: 2-3 mos. Plantar grasp: 8-9 mos| Moro| Let infant’s head drop back approx. 30?. | Sharp extension and abduction of arms followed by flexion and adduction to â€Å"embrace† position. | Absent: CNS dysfunction.Assymetry: brachial plexus injury, paralysis, or fractured bone of extremity. Exaggerated: maternal drug use. | 5-6 mos| Rooting| Touch or stroke from side of mouth toward cheek. | Infant turns head to side touched. Difficult to illicit if infant is sleeping or just fed. | Weak or absent: prematurity, neurologic deficit, depression from maternal drug use. | 3-4 mos| Stepping| Hold infant so feet touch soli d surface. | Infant lifts alternate feet as if walking. | Asymmetry: fracture of extremity, neurologic deficit. | 3-4 mos| Sucking| Place nipple or gloved finger in mouth, rub against palate. | Infant begins to suck.May be weak if recently fed. | Weak or absent: prematurity, neurologic deficit, maternal drug use. | 1 yr| Swallowing| Place fluid on the back of the tongue. | Infant swallows fluid. Should be coordinated with sucking. | Coughing, gagging, choking, cyanosis: tracheoesophageal fistula, esophageal fistula, esophageal atresia, neurologic deficit. | Present throughout life. | Tonic neck reflex| Gently turn head to one side while infant is supine. | Infant extends extremities on side to which head is turned, with flexion on opposite side. | Prolonged period in position: neurologic deficit. | May be weak at birth; disappears at 4 mos|

The Raft of the Medusa versus the Gulf Stream

The Raft of the Medusa versus the Gulf Stream Introduction Painting artists use different artistic styles and colors to portray the impression of their drawings. The painting of The Raft of the Medusa by Theodore Gericault, a French painter emotionally portrays the survival and hardships experiences of the passengers in a raft, who survived the sinking of the French ship, La Medusa.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Raft of the Medusa versus the Gulf Stream specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Gulf Stream painting by the American artist, Winslow Homer, depicts a man struggling amidst strong waves of the sea in a small fishing boat. This essay is going to compare and contrast the two paintings: The Raft of the Medusa and The Gulf Stream in relation to romanticism and impressionism ages. Comparison The similarity of the two paintings literally depicts people struggling for their lives amidst strong waves in the sea. In The Raft of the Medusa, the passengers who had survived the sinking of their ship are crowded on the raft. After the sinking of their ship, many people sunk and died leaving only few people as survivors. The survivors endured severed hardships of starvation and cannibalism for thirteen days in the Atlantic sea before the rescue. In comparison, The Gulf Stream painting shows a man on a small fishing boat in the sea full of hurricane waves as he struggle helplessly awaiting rescue. Both this paintings shows an element of romanticism because they elicit emotional response in the viewers. Romanticism The Raft of the Medusa is a romantic art due to its emotional depiction. The painting portrays the tragic accident in the sea according to the perception of the artist. The artistic freedom of imagination and fantasy of the tragic accident shows romanticism. In romanticism, the artist has freedom to paint adventurous and fantastic events to depict emotions. The artist uses dull and dark colors like browns, black and deep red to depi ct the solemn scene of accident. To avoid distraction of the viewers to specific details, the artist used short brush strokes together with the light and shades to portray clearly the figures in the entire painting. The Raft of the Medusa portrays the ideals of the romanticism and this has made it be considered as a romantic icon. Impressionism Although The Gulf Steam portrays the elements of the romantic art, its painting styles is based on the impressionistic art. Impressionistic art focuses on creating an impression by use of bright water paints on specific objects. The Gulf Steam ignores other background information but focuses on the man in the small boat and the sea waves.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Impression arts are characterized by the use of bright paint strokes and the light reflection of the watercolors. Impressionists seek to attract the attention of the viewer to the subject rather than to the details. The Gulf Steam is an impressionistic art because of the use of bright watercolors and the impression focuses only on one subject. Conclusion Artists can use romanticism and impressionism in the depiction of their drawing depending on the impact they want to pass onto the viewers. Romanticism entails emotional depiction of the details in tragic events like The Raft of the Medusa while impressionism involves focusing of the main subject of the painting and neglecting the background information as in The Gulf Steam. Although impressionism and romanticism differ, both are necessary in a painting to give the desired and vivid impression to the viewers.

Project Management 101

Project Management 101 Free Online Research Papers 1. INTRODUCTION Neumann Engineering Limited was founded in 1912 half a mile south of the Coventry city centre. They initially made components for motorcycle industry then they became specialists in sub-contract press work and welded assemblies. In the year 1995, Neumann Engineering Limited decided that the Coventry city centre site was not large enough to meet their increasing demand. Unfortunately the land prices were too high near city centre so plan of extending their current site (City centre site) was dropped. The company bought a large plot six miles away from city centre near the junction of M6 motorway. The company was not in a position to build the complete unit. Do to insufficient funds the company was able to build only the assembly plant. The owner’s son was put in charge of the newly formed site and his father managed the city centre site. Many new press machines weighing huge tons were bought by the Neumann Company for their press work, to improve productivity. Large coils of steel strips are delivered from West Bromwich by 30 tonne articulated lorry. The city centre site is small and the lorry cannot enter the site, so they had unloading problems. Since the other unit of the company is in the satellite site the transportation was a great head-ache for the management. Now every other company moved out from city centre and it was replaced by shops and hotels. Neumann is the only company still remains in the city centre and now facing several problems. Now the Company has decided to move the whole unit to the satellite site. As a Coventry University student and an employee of Neumann Engineering Limited, I like to give some suggestion to the managing director of the company regarding the relocation of Central site to satellite site. 2. BUSINESS CASE INVOLVED 2.1 IS RELOCATING THE COMPANY NECESSARY? Yes, of course it should be relocated because the city centre site is very old and many complaints are being made to the local authority regarding the unsightly appearance of the company. Now the Coventry city centre is fully occupied by plenty of shops and hotels and it is the only company still in the city centre site. The company produces lot of noise during pressing work which irritates the public and the houses near by. So it should be moved to the out skirts of the city. 2.2 ALTERNATIVES FOR THIS PROJECT In my opinion the only other choice for the management is try their best to buy few lands near the company in city centre and extend the company unit, which was planned and dropped then twelve years ago. There are certain drawbacks on in implementing it because the company have to invest huge sum of money (capital Investment) to buy land near city centre and it is hard to get permission from the authorities to extend the company in the busiest place. 2.3. PROBLEMS EXISTING IN THE COMPANY Analyzing this project, the following are considered to be some of the problem that may exists in the city centre site right now. 1. Transportation problem 2. Small working space 3. poor construction and poor maintenance 4. Public nuisance (Noise pollution) 2.3.1. TRANSPORTATION PROBLEM As the city centre site is small the huge Lorries carrying raw materials such as huge steel strips for pressing, unable to enter inside the site. This makes the unloading of steel strips harder and uncomfortable. Need specialised equipments to carry the huge steel strips from the Lorry to the Pressing machines. During transportation the overloaded steel cropping skip and fell on the road and this causes many motorists to shred their tyres. Recently the company paid compensation to the motorists and they got police warning too for this activity. 2.3.2. SMALL WORKING SPACE The city centre sites possess small working space, so this prevents the further establishment of the company. There is literally no space to place new press machines to increase the productivity. 2.3.3. POOR CONSTRUCTION AND POOR MAINTENANCE The press machines were of huge weight and need specially constructed building to withstand the pressure of the press. In the beginning of the company in 1912 they had not constructed the building to withstand stand huge pressure of a 250 ton press machine because as the company was started to make components for the motorcycle industry. Now the site is poorly maintained and is in a critical situation. 2.3.4. PUBLIC NUISANCE The press machines causes noise pollution. Presently the Neumann Engineering is the only company present in the city centre and it is surrounded by huge shops, hotels and university so the noise produced by the press causes irritation to the shops near by and to the public. 3. IS THE DECISION TO MOVE THE SITE IS WISE? In my view, the problems that have mentioned above are some of the major problems. So to solve the above problems the alternative method that I have suggested before will not work out because on extending the site in the city centre will not bring an end to the traffic problem and public nuisance. The other two problems discussed earlier can be solved but need a huge capital investment to resolve it. So I suggest the company has taken wise decision to move the whole unit from city centre site to the satellite site near the M6 highway on the outskirts of the city centre and of course, I support it. 4. IS RELOCATING THE SITE POSSIBLE? Why not? Nothing is impossible, where there is a will, there is a way. If the company is ready to take burden on their shoulders and face few risks it is possible. The employees in the company should support the company’s decision and dedicate themselves to work extra time for few months until they shift the components from the city centre site to satellite site. 4.1. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROJECT The project of moving the site can be done by proper planning. There are many advantages and disadvantages on shifting the site. 4.1.1. ADVANTAGES ON MOVING THE COMPANY SITE Transportation problems can be solved. Investing huge amount of money (capital) on buying a land in city centre can be saved and rather (capital) it can be used to develop the site in the M6 highway. Since the satellite site is in the out skirts of the city the public nuisance is reduced. Since they are going to set up the entire factory working unit in a single place, it reduces the labour cost. It is easy to manage the work too if the entire site is set up in a single site. It increases the productivity of the press. It decreases the product cost. 4.1.2. DISADVANTAGES ON MOVING THE COMPANY SITE Causes major labour problem Shifting the press machines from city centre site to the M6 motorway site involves risk of cease in productivity for some days. Dismantling and reassembling it takes a long time for the company. 4.2. STACKHOLDER ANALYSIS As for as this project is concerned stockholders play an important role as they take important decision involved in this project. These are all the stockholders whose decision can affect the project 1. Managing director 2. Technical director 3. Team leaders 4. Staff workers (unskilled labours) 5. skilled labours 6. Local building inspector 7. Planning officer 8. Customers 9. Suppliers 10. Bank(If money is borrowed) 11. Contractor 12. Local residents 13. Project workers Here the stockholders can be divided into primary, secondary and tertiary according to their power to influence the project. 4.2.1. Mapping of stack holders Stack holders can be mapped depending upon their attitude, some stack holders may have negative attitude towards the project and some stack holders may have positive attitude towards the project. For example let us consider local authority may have negative opinion about the project that this project may fail and some stack holders like team member will have positive attitude that this project will succeed and wins the contract. Here the stack holders can be mapped depending upon their interest and power. Some stack holders will have low interest and low power whose ideas should not be taken seriously. Stack holders should be given importance depending upon their status in this project, a simple example is in this project the project planning team holds the key so this task should be given to the person having high interest and high power in this project hence their view should be considered carefully. 5. TIME AND COST This project is a combination of both time as well as cost; because this project has a schedule time within which a project has to be completed as well the project has a financial appraisal within which it should be completed. Usually time-related process is done in the project planning stage. When the project is implemented the schedules needed to be updated at regular interval throughout the whole project. It should be monitored carefully. If the project has any delays then suitable steps should be taken before it cross the risk stage. This project can be divided based on man-hours, Labour rates, materials, services, set-up charges, over heads and rental charges. 6. STEPS TO BE TAKEN BEFORE STARTING THE PROJECT Each and every stage of the project should be planned properly. The senior staffs and technicians should be consulted and should consider their opinion before planning. Financial appraisal of the management should be made stronger to withstand any risk. Company should give workers more incentives and motivate them to work for extra hours during the shifting process Since the new site is far away from Coventry city centre the company should convince the workers by providing transport to them, pick up and drop daily. Proper outline and building permission should be got from the government and the public authority to start the project. 6.1. PLANNING PROCESS Planning is the key role in this project so the planning committee should be made consisting of at least three chief engineers, two chief mechanics, four skilled labours and a team leader. Leaving anyone of the above in the committee will make a great mess in the later stage of the project while implementing it in future. Tasks to be considered by the planning committee The planning committee should consider the following factors 1. Estimation of time take for getting permission to build the factory 2. Analysis of how much pressure that the new building unit should be capable of in withstanding the pressure made by the 250 ton press. 3. Estimation of money required to carry on the project work. 4. Should apply for loan if they running out of the estimated budget. 5. Estimation of time it will take to build and completion the factory unit 6. Estimated day to start dismantling the huge press machines 7. Source of transport of the huge machines after dismantling 8. Time it will take to dismantle the machines and the time will take to re assemble it in the new site 9. Plan how they carry the work without affecting the productivity, when they dismantle the press machines. 10. They should sign the contract with other companies if they go for any contract. 11. Risks involved should be carefully calculated. 12. Solutions to the risks involved should be analysed and should be ready to face it. 6.2. NON FINANCIAL FACTOR Non financial factor plays a major role in this project as this project requires high amount of team work. The following are considered to be the non financial factor involved in this project 1. Team work 2. Quality circle 3. Improving working style Team work Project will be successful only with the help of team work and particularly for this project team members and staff are the vital stack holders and hence the project can be easily implemented only with help of team work. Quality circle Quality circle is considered to be other important aspect for this project because the staffs here are from different working circle and have their own methodology of working. So it will be beneficial to the project if the staff members meet regularly and share their views which will progress the project further. Working style Working style is the other criteria which cannot be neglected. The working style should be properly planned and must be implemented properly. Since a wrong movement in the project will collapse the whole project work. 7. KEY MILESTONES The key milestones of this project is 1. Implementing the plans in time 2. reduce the cost of relocation 3. Satisfying the workers 4. Satisfying the public and customers. 7.1. CAN THE COMPANY BE SHIFTED WITHOUT AFFECTING THE PRODUCTIVITY? In my view my answer will be definitely yes, why not? During the time of dismantling the press machines the press work cannot be handled out it is definitely true but it can be handled by alternative methods. Some suggestions of mine are described below 1. Can reduce the commitment of orders for particular span of time until they shift the machines to the new site and start production. 2. Company can convince the workers and make them to do the particular work for over time by giving incentives and do the work expecting to be affected during the time of dismantling particular machines and reassemble it before itself and store the products in the stock before the project is implemented. After one process is over then the staffs should be engaged to do other work done by other machines and do product overtime. By the mean time the machines dismantled here should be assembled in the new site and continue the process there. This saves the time and cost and will not let the productivity of the company go down. 3. Company can sign contract with some contractors to do the job for them till the project process expected to be completed. 7.2. WHO TAKES RESPONSIBILITY OF THE PROJECT The planning committee leader, project leader and the managing director should take responsibility in completing the project successfully. The planning committee holds the key and the managing director should support him financially and mentally to do this project. Project leader should take care of the planned project given by the planning committee. It is the project leader’s job to look after whether the planned work is done on time, and if any delay, he should handle it carefully.. 7.3. MAIN AREAS OF WORK The main areas of the work should be taken care. In this project the main areas were 1. Planning committee (planning the time taken to do particular job) 2. interaction with workers 3. calculation of risks (money factors, available labours) 4. project manager (responsible for doing job according to the plan) 8. NEW PROBLEMS FACED BY THE COMPANY DUE TO THE RELOCATION PROCESS On relocating the site from city centre to the satellite also contains many problems. 1. Since the satellite site is far away from the city centre the workers have to travel a long distance and they need to spend lot of money in travel. 2. Traffic conjunction will sometimes cause problems for the labours turn up to work on time. 3. There were very less houses near the satellite site so skilled and unskilled labours nearby the new site will be very less. 8.1. SOLUTION TO THE ABOVE STATED PROBLEMS 1. The company can take the responsibility of picking and dropping the staffs daily. 2. They can train the unskilled labours available nearby by teaching them how to work with the machines. 9. MAIN ACTIVITIES IN THIS PROJECT 1. Planning team selection 2. Group interaction meetings 3. Getting permission from local authorities to build new factory unit 4. Building contract 5. Analysis of pressure made by the press machines 6. Making specialized floors for the factory unit to withstand the machine pressure 7. proper communication between the remote site and satellite site 8. Convincing the labours to do more job during the time of relocation 9. Project manager should make sure that the plan is properly followed 10. making contracts with other companies (to do some parts for them during the period of dismantling and assembling the machines) 11. Apply for the loans if needed. 12. Transport contract 13. dismantling the machines 14. assembling the machines 15. Frequent discussions with all the staffs during the project is going on 16. Giving power supply to the machines in new site 17. Checking the machines after assembling. 9.1. GANTT CHART 9.2. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROJECT First the company should start building the company unit in the satellite site. The company professionals should consult the mechanics and take a note of how many days will take to dismantle each machine and assembling it again and calculate the days accordingly during planning process. The company should sign contract to carry the huge dismantled machines from city centre site to satellite site since in my view giving contract for transporting reduces the cost of transport. After the above process were over then the machines can be dismantled and transported to the satellite site in the M6 motorway. Then once the dismantled parts reaches the satellite site, company should appoint some engineers in satellite site to assemble it, so that the work wont be affected further. It is recommended to dismantle the machines one by one instead of dismantling all the machines at same time since if only one machine is dismantled at a time then only one process will be affected which can be compensated by keeping stock in the inventory before dismantling it. In the mean time the next step processing machine should be used to do products and should be ready for dismantling and at the time the next machine is dismantled, the machine which was dismantled earlier should be ready to use in the new site. This should be take care by the project manager. 9.3. APPROXIMATE DAYS TAKEN FOR EACH TASK IN THE PROJECT TASK JOB DAYS/MONTHS 1 Planning process 1 month 2 Getting permission to build the new factory unit 20 days 3 Building contract selection 20 days 4 Building the whole new factory unit (includes flooring etc) 4 months 5 Dismantling the machines (12 machines) 3 days for each machine approx(36 days to 40 days) 6 Assembling the machines (12 machines) 4 days for each machines (48 days to 60 days) 7 Giving power supply to machines/ electrical work 5 days 8 Checking the assembled machines 2 days Tendering and contracting This is the first step in this project. The company has to first prepare a tender. Tenders involving details such as inviting share holders to the company and applying loan in the bank etc then contract are made with the people having part of liable rights in the companies’ new project. Clearing out the factory area Then in the next step the area in which new factory unit setup is to be started is selected and a plan is made and then area is cleared by all means and then the area should be made readily available for construction work. Civil engineering and architecture work In the following step construction work is carried out, this work takes sufficient time in completing the project. Civil engineering work takes about 4 month in completing the project. It can be started only when tendering and clearing out of factory area is completed. Electrical work Here all the electrical work takes place. It takes a time period of 1 month to complete it as it involves lots of wirings. This work can be done only after completing construction work. Installing equipments Purchasing new equipment in this project takes longer period since it has to be dismantled from the city centre site and then it has to be fitted again. At first the dismantled equipment has to be transferred to new factory site and then equipment has to be floored and fitted it takes sufficient long period of 1 month. Training program for staff and team building Then team building activity and training program for staff take place. This is important task because they have to train the unskilled labours living nearby the factory. 9.4. PROJECT RELATES TO MURPHY’S LAW Murphy’s Law is â€Å"if failure to consider uncertainty and risk will lead to continual’ fire-fighting’†. So risk should be carefully analysed and learnt before starting the project. 9.5. RISKS INVOLVED IN THIS PROJECT Common risk involved in this project The common risks involved in this project is if any one of the planned work is delayed due to environmental or labour problems or other problems then the project will fail completely and lose many customers. Other risk is if the dismantled parts are damaged during transport then it will make confusion after assembling and again need repair. Technical risk The technical risk involved in this project is proper dismantling and assembling of the same in the new site. Dismantling and assembling should be carried on by group of experts in press machines since if the machine break down it will take other 10 days to dismantle it again and assemble it. Management risk The management has many risk involved in this project. The management should convince their customers during the time of relocation. The management should not take more orders from the customers at the same time they should not ignore them, since ignoring a customer will affect the company badly in many ways. It is management’s responsibility to convince the customers and try to satisfy their needs even during the project work is carried out. Business risk If the company fails to do the work according to plan and if they make a delay in the product and not satisfying the customers by giving the products in time during the time of the project then they definitely going to lose valuable customers. 9.6. Involving stakeholders in the risk analysis As this project is concerned, the main stakeholders were project managers, team leaders and skilled labours. To identify the major risk involved in this project, it should be analyzed carefully with all the members in the team because as they are involved in the team they would give some valuable tips. In our project case risk involved can also be identified by the following Brainstorming By brainstorming a big list of potential risk involved in the project can be identified and then from the list created by brainstorming we can evaluate the risk and classify it under categories as high risk, medium risk and low risk. According to the category of the risks the risks can be omitted or considered seriously. Interviewing Each and every individual member of team can be interviewed about what are the risks involved in this project according to his prospective and the risks told by each person in the team is analysed deeply and it can be considered if it has more probability to affect the project. Risk profile The company should take similar situations during the past into consideration or should analyse how the other similar companies done this job into consideration and compare with their plan they made and if they found anything can improve the project and reduces the risk then they should implement other ideas that other companies used to do the project secure and safe. 9.7. PROJECT IMPROVEMENT Project can be improved further after they successfully done their relocation of site. The project can be improved by 1. Placing the machines one near other. This reduces the labour cost because moving the finished the parts of one machine to the next stage machines will be easier. 2. Store room of raw materials can be placed near by the machines; this too reduces the labour cost and time. 10. BUSINESS CASE The business case is the measurement of business benefits going to be obtained by this project. If little or no business benefit can be identified the project should not be started. If the company has no benefit after finishing the project will lead in closure of the company. The company should calculate expected benefit on doing the project. Tangible and intangible benefits should be measured and well analysed. The company should analyse when they get the capital cost returned. They should have a clear budget on the working capital and the pay back period. The company should consider the rate of return also. ARR= (average profit before tax / initial capital outlay) 10.1. PROJECT SHOULD ADOPT MCGREGOR’S THEORY Y â€Å"McGregor’s Theory Y assumes that Work is a natural play People will exert self- direction and self-control in achieving objectives to which they are committed Commitment to objectives is a function of the rewards associated with their achievement Under proper conditions persons accept and even seek responsibility. The capacity of imagination, ingenuity and creativity in the solution of organisational problems is widely distributed in the population. I recommend McGregor’s Theory Y in implementing this project to make the project successful. Every person in the team should take responsibility of the work given to them by the team and they should have capacity to solve the problems.† (Ref: class notes) 11. RECOMMENDATION TO THIS PROJECT This project will be really successful if it is handled by main stake holders because they are really worried about the future because if the project fails then they have high risk of losing their jobs. The company should employ only educated people, so that they can further improve the standard of the company. Job security should be given to the workers in order to motivate them. The company can invite few share holders to join the company in order to support them .In brief, this project has many positive ideas in order to achieve success. 12. CONCLUSION Even though this project has involved in lot of risk factors in it, this project will be a successful project. It is a bold and clever decision taken by the management to transfer the whole company unit to a single site. In my view the company had worked for it for twelve years to start this project, since they already got land in the year 1995 itself. It is the high time for the company to implement this project because the delay in time increases the risk factors of the company. So going for this project with right planning and right involvement by the team members will surely make the project cent percent successful. 13. REFERENCES Research Papers on Project Management 101Gene One the Transition from Private to PublicWhat are Stock OptionsAmerican Central Banking and OilA Marketing Analysis of the Fast-Food RestaurantProbation OfficersQuebec and CanadaGenetic EngineeringThe Story of Beatrix PotterBooker T. Washington, W.E.B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells-BarnettHenderson the Rain King

5 Sentences in Need of Commas

5 Sentences in Need of Commas 5 Sentences in Need of Commas 5 Sentences in Need of Commas By Mark Nichol Commas signal delineation in sentences, sometimes showing the break point between two thoughts and sometimes marking the beginning and end of a phrase inserted in the midst of a sentence. Here are five sentences in which a single comma, or the second of an inseparable pair, is missing, with revisions and explanations. 1. â€Å"Even when he was caught, some say he was plotting.† The phrase â€Å"some say† is an interjection in the midst of the statement â€Å"Even when he was caught, he was plotting.† It is not enough to merely insert the phrase; one must bracket it in commas (the first of which supersedes the original comma, the function of which is to separate the sentence’s two clauses): â€Å"Even when he was caught, some say, he was plotting.† 2. â€Å"Sorry guys, she’s married.† When directing a comment at readers, the writer must set off with commas the word or words used to identify the audience: â€Å"Sorry, guys, she’s married.† (Otherwise, the writer appears to be addressing guys who are sorry though they are sorry if they’re thinking they have a chance with the woman in question, so the erroneous version almost works.) The sentence is further improved by distinguishing the internal punctuation to enhance the impact of the statement: â€Å"Sorry, guys she’s married.† 3. â€Å"Now there’s a formula for ethical quandary.† Terms that are located at the beginning of a sentence and that refer to time (now, soon, before, afterward, and so on) may or may not, depending on their function, be followed by a comma, but in this case, in which now is used as a meaningless interjection and the emphasis is on the expletive there’s, it is essential: â€Å"Now, there’s a formula for ethical quandary.† Otherwise, the statement reads like a pitch from a television commercial for a shampoo formulated to eradicate ethical quandary. (Now, that would be a hot-selling product.) 4. â€Å"Residents decide driving, and shorter trips to places like Canada are safer options.† The phrase referring to travel to Canada is an interjection inserted into â€Å"Residents decide driving is the safer option,† with a change in the verb is and conversion of the singular option to the plural options to accommodate the additional choice: â€Å"Residents decide driving, and shorter trips to places like Canada, are safer options.† (Note that if the conjunction and were replaced with or, the verb and the form of the noun would remain singular: â€Å"Residents decide driving, or shorter trips to places like Canada, is a safer option.†) Alternatively, the sole comma in the original version could be omitted (â€Å"Residents decide driving and shorter trips to places like Canada are safer options†), but that revision changes the sense somewhat, turning a parenthetical aside into an integral part of the statement. 5. â€Å"This city knows how to create high-rise neighborhoods while San Francisco just talks about it.† Without a comma between the two clauses in this sentence, it reads as if one city has the knowledge about how to create high-rise neighborhoods during the time San Francisco just talks about it. But the meaning is that while San Francisco dawdles, the other city does: â€Å"This city knows how to create high-rise neighborhoods, while San Francisco just talks about it.† While is not used here to mean â€Å"at the same time,† denoting a continuation of one thought; it is a synonym for whereas, and the comma signals a new thought. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Meaning of "To a T"Use a Dash for Number RangesHow to Send Tactful Emails from a Technical Support Desk

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Assignment - Essay Example We need to take action to stop them and come up with a much more reasonable and considered response to the problem. This is what informed and responsible citizens do: they work together, discuss ideas and come up with solutions that make sense to everyone. The Occupy movement has been a parade of fools so far. This is very unfortunate because there are social problems out there which require solving. Sadly, the Occupy movement has manipulated the homeless and used them as a rallying point. We need to take back our own public spaces from these people and we need to treat the homeless who truly need our help with real dignity and respect, and not use them as some sort of political pawn, as the Occupy organizers have been doing. Homeless people deserve to have a home and receive treatment. We need to ensure that this happens and they are not abused by those who would use them solely for political purposes. It is important for citizens like us to take a stand for those who are most vulnerable and whom no one else can help. Denver is a beautiful city with great potential. It is sad to see so much political energy being expended about homelessness which is only one of several issues facing the city. The people of Denver need to speak to their local representatives about these issues. We need to be very concerned about what happens in our public spaces. Downtown is a place for everyone. It is a place for families to enjoy themselves and for tourists to bustle about. It is not a place for constant political noisemaking and abuse. The citizens of Denver need to speak with one voice on this matter. Occupy and its shenanigans are not acceptable and we will stand up these criminals and clear the streets of their garbage if necessary. We all share this wonderful city. No one group or idea owns the city and can take control of our public spaces. Sadly, according to one

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Week 3 student replys - Essay Example The post gives an enlightening account of the involvement of Tempo Air in every stage of construction, and until the home is actually occupied and being lived in by the homeowner and his/her family. It is clear that inspection and testing is undertaken, and that the ultimate results have to do with reduction of energy bills, elimination of problems involving moisture content, and enhancement of indoor air quality or IAQ. What appears vague is the particular process undertaken by Tempo Air in the course of achieving its objectives. Why is there a need for Tempo Air to be involved in the early stages of the home (or building) construction when the matter of indoor climate control is a matter that can be addressed only after the building has been constructed? Is it not just a matter of choosing the right brand of air-conditioning units and the right horsepower rating that it could deliver? The post ends with a mention of ‘segmentation’ as separating the company Tempo Air from less reputable firms. I believe ‘segmentation’ in that sense does not refer to market segmentation, which distinguishes between customer-groups. Segmentation should refer to the groups of consumers which the company distinguishes and targets for its goods and services. Neuhaus, E & Schellen, H (2006) ‘Conservatism Heating to Control Relative Humaidity and Create Museum Indoor Conditions in an Monumental Building.’ Retrieved from http://www.monumenten.bwk.tue.nl/documenten/Conservation%20Heating%20to%20Control%20Relative%20Humidity%20and%20Crea.pdf A very informed query is propounded by Kevin Gillin on the post describing St. Jude Medical, a high-tech medical devices manufacturer and distributor. The products and services of St. Jude are vital in extending the lives of people, and the Affordable Health Care Act (Obamacare) may have material impact on the medical devices industry (Forbes, 2013) to which St. Jude

Midterm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 11

Midterm - Essay Example Additionally, porosity allows waste products out of the scaffold. Biodegradability: Since the intention of TE is to facilitate the body’s own cells to eventually replace the implanted tissue engineered construct over time, scaffold are not intended to be permanent implants. Thus scaffold need to be biodegradable to allow cells to generate their own extra-cellular matrix (Robert, 2013). The key consideration should be the source of the cells. Cells are categorized by their sources. For instance, autologous cells are obtained from the same individual to which they need to be re-implanted; Allogenic cells are got from the body of the donor of the same species while xenogenic cells are from individuals of another species (Robert, 2013). During cells selection, cells leading to fewest problems with rejection and pathogen transmission are preferred (mostly autologous). However, autologous cells cannot be obtained if the individual affected is elderly or has suffered severe burns. Biocompatibility: The initial consideration of any biomaterial for TE is biocompatibility; cells must stick, function normally and move onto the surface and finally through the biomaterial and begin proliferation process before producing new matrix. Biomaterial construct must show negligible immune reaction after implantation to prevent rejection by the body Injectability: TE tissues requires precisely designed combination of cells and specialized scaffold support system, Injectable biomaterials, especially those delivered in aqueous solution are ideal delivery vehicles for both the cells and bioactive factors (Robert, 2013). c) When designing a template for repairing a damaged bone, I will ensure that the template is biodegradable, bioresorbable, three-dimensional; which provides mechanical strength to the bone while at the same time providing a guide for regeneration of bone tissue (Robert. 2013). Thus the template

Week 3 student replys Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Week 3 student replys - Essay Example The post gives an enlightening account of the involvement of Tempo Air in every stage of construction, and until the home is actually occupied and being lived in by the homeowner and his/her family. It is clear that inspection and testing is undertaken, and that the ultimate results have to do with reduction of energy bills, elimination of problems involving moisture content, and enhancement of indoor air quality or IAQ. What appears vague is the particular process undertaken by Tempo Air in the course of achieving its objectives. Why is there a need for Tempo Air to be involved in the early stages of the home (or building) construction when the matter of indoor climate control is a matter that can be addressed only after the building has been constructed? Is it not just a matter of choosing the right brand of air-conditioning units and the right horsepower rating that it could deliver? The post ends with a mention of ‘segmentation’ as separating the company Tempo Air from less reputable firms. I believe ‘segmentation’ in that sense does not refer to market segmentation, which distinguishes between customer-groups. Segmentation should refer to the groups of consumers which the company distinguishes and targets for its goods and services. Neuhaus, E & Schellen, H (2006) ‘Conservatism Heating to Control Relative Humaidity and Create Museum Indoor Conditions in an Monumental Building.’ Retrieved from http://www.monumenten.bwk.tue.nl/documenten/Conservation%20Heating%20to%20Control%20Relative%20Humidity%20and%20Crea.pdf A very informed query is propounded by Kevin Gillin on the post describing St. Jude Medical, a high-tech medical devices manufacturer and distributor. The products and services of St. Jude are vital in extending the lives of people, and the Affordable Health Care Act (Obamacare) may have material impact on the medical devices industry (Forbes, 2013) to which St. Jude

Computer Questions Short Answers Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Computer Questions Short Answers - Assignment Example 09- How/why is a branch instruction really a data movement instruction ANS: A branch instruction is not a data movement instruction because branch instruction jump from one instruction to another but don't move data from one instruction to another. 10- How can the speed at which an electrical circuit performs its function be increased ANS: Acircuitis an unbroken loop of conductive material that allows electrons to flow through continuously without beginning or end.Generally as the feature size shrinks, almost everything improves-the cost per unit and the switching power consumption go down, and the speed goes up. 11- What are the advantages of gallium arsenide (as compared to silicon) for the implementation of microprocessors ANS: It has smaller molecular size and thus (in theory) smaller circuits can be fabricated from it. It has both electrical and optical properties. 12- Why does the reliability of magnetic storage media generally decrease as recording density increases ANS: Higher density means less surface area per bit. Less surface area per bit means less mass of coercible material. Less coercible mass means reduced ability to hold a charge high enough to be reliably read and to allow for magnetic leakage, decay, and other destructive factors. 13- What factors contribute to the loss of data stored on tapes ANS: If system crashes leading to incomplete sessions. Hardware problems causing incorrect or incomplete write operations Corrupted media or databases. Due to malicious external agents like viruses and hackers 14- What are the advantages of optical data storage devices as compared to magnetic data storage devices ANS: Optical storage devices are read by... ANS: Optical storage devices are read by a laser beam. Generally they have a more limited storage capacity when compared to magnetic devices. However, one advantage is that they are more hard wearing than magnetic devices. ANS: When you decrease the buffer size you increase the number of "outside loop" operations, and thus you increase the load on the CPU. When you computer gets too busy it may not complete the buffer loop in time to deliver its samples to the mixing bus, which, in turn, has to deliver to the driver/soundcard. The result will be unpleasant cackling noise. ANS: Code 39 (also called Code 3 of 9) is an easy-to-print barcode commonly used for various bar-coding labels such as name badges, inventory and industrial applications. The Universal Product Code was the first bar code to be widely adopted from as early as April 1973 by the US grocery industry for product marking. Code 2 of 5, sometimes called Code 2 from 5 and the interleaved 2 of 5 barcodes can represent the digits 0-9. In use since the late 1960's, it is a popular choice for airline tickets, photo developing envelopes and internal warehouse systems. ANS: Bar code scanners are manufactured to read the

Martin Luther King Jr Essay Example for Free

Martin Luther King Jr Essay In 1998, an Atlanta Federal District Court judge ruled that Martin Luther King’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech was part of national history and that CBS did not need to seek permission to air it in an historical documentary that included a segment on the civil rights movement. The documentary, broadcast in 1994, incorporated a nine-minute excerpt of King’s historic speech. The King Corporation lawyers in the case argued that CBS had unlawfully used King’s â€Å"eloquent, creative, literary expressions. Arguing the decision before the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals, the King family succeeded in having it overturned two years later. Although the decision was the first to legally cement the King family’s rights, this was not the first time the copyright had become an issue, nor would it be the last. Presciently, King had copyrighted the speech a month after it was delivered and his heirs clung tenaciously to the idea that it was a bequest to them (Stout 16). Clarence Jones, King’s lawyer and confidant, filed suit against Twentieth Century Fox Records and Mr.  Maestro Records for issuing bootleg copies of the speech (Branch 886). However, King granted Motown Records permission to release two recordings of his speeches (â€Å"Great March to Freedom† and â€Å"Great March to Washington†), but told Motown founder Berry Gordy that he wanted the entire proceeds to be donated to the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). When Gordy urged King to keep half of the royalties for himself and his family, King insisted it go to the SCLC so as not to give the impression that he was benefitting from the cause of civil rights (Posner 175–76). King’s family, like Gordy, has seen the speech as an important source of revenue, some of which undoubtedly has been used to promote King’s legacy. Since winning their appeal against CBS, the King family has continued to exploit the copyright of the speech, agreeing to sell the French telephone company Alcatel the right to use a digitally altered version of the event for a 2001 television commercial. The commercial 184 Martin Luther King Jr. ’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† Speech 185 shows King speaking jarringly absent the 250,000 people who had on that day lined the reflecting pool on the national mall. The commercial asks what would have happened if King’s words had not been able to â€Å"connect† with his audience (Szegedy-Maszak 20). Selling a permission to use the speech for a television commercial and engaging in legal wrangling about the news media’s right to rebroadcast the speech are not developments that could be predicted from the iconic status the speech has achieved in national history. Although the legal dimensions of the speech’s dissemination are of interest, we are primarily interested in how King’s speech has become a permanent fixture in the collective memory of American citizens despite the copyright controversy. In a recent book on the speech, Drew Hansen suggests that it is â€Å"the oratorical equivalent of the Declaration of Independence† (The Dream 214). What Edwin Black said of the Gettysburg Address is equally true of â€Å"I Have a Dream†: â€Å"The speech is fixed now in the history of a people† (Black 21). Far more than an ordinary written or performed text, King’s speech is now viewed as a text belonging to the nation, despite its current legal status. Coretta Scott King suggested that when King delivered the speech he was â€Å"connected to a higher power† (King). Whether or not divinely inspired, the speech has come to symbolize the civil rights movement and anchors collective public memory of the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Equality and of King himself. Although King’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech is now recognized as one of the most important speeches of the twentieth century, this has not always been the case. Reactions to the speech immediately following its delivery were mixed. Some praised the speech, while inexplicably others completely ignored it. How did King’s speech achieve its iconic status given the mixed reaction immediately following its presentation? Thinking of the speech as generative of its own fame supports the legendary aura that now surrounds it, but its elevated stature resulted from a gradual process of media dissemination and cultural amplification. The touchstones in this process included eventual comparisons of King’s rhetoric to Lincoln’s, media portrayals of King’s role in the civil rights movement following his assassination, and the appropriation of the speech as a synecdoche for that movement. The memory of Lincoln’s speech was fixed by print, while King’s speech was fixed by the electronic media. In 1863, no one realized that Abraham Lincoln’s humble â€Å"Remarks by the President† at the Gettysburg ceremony would have become part of national iconography. Years later, Carl Sandburg referred to it reverentially as the â€Å"great American poem,† but part of the apocryphal lore of the speech is that Lincoln truly believed the world would not â€Å"note nor long remember† what he and others said at Gettysburg. Senator Edward Everett, one 186 ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes, and Reviews of the great ceremonial orators of his day, had satisfied every expectation of his audience with an address that took him two hours to deliver. It had taken Lincoln only three minutes to utter his 272 words (Wills 68). Lincoln’s speech gradually reached a secondary audience through the accounts of newspapers; King’s speech was instantaneously heard and seen by radio listeners and television viewers numbering in the millions. For all its compelling metaphor and soaring imagery, â€Å"I Have a Dream† is more drama than poetry; as drama, it must be heard and seen. King’s rhetorical genius was oral, Lincoln’s written. Lincoln spoke transcendentally, while King spoke in the moment. Journalist Richard Carter, an eyewitness of the speech, reminds us that never before had a civil rights demonstration been aired live on national television (38). It was also the last such mass meeting to be broadcast (Branch 876). Of the ten civil rights leaders who spoke at the rally, King did most to ignite the crowd, but the impact on television audiences derived from the interplay of King, his speech, the response of the crowd, and even the frequent cutaways to Lincoln’s statue. Carter finds it â€Å"inexplicable† that television critic Kay Gardella of the New York Daily News, who acknowledged that the speech was the most moving of the rally, subordinated the impress of King’s words to the visual images that the television camera associated with them: â€Å"Most effective and meaningful,† she aid, â€Å"were the cutaways to Lincoln’s statue† (38). To those in the television medium who recorded the speech, and probably to those who watched it, the stone statue of the Great Emancipator amplified the combined effect of King’s lyrical words, mellifluous voice, and determined countenance. The symbolic interplay between King and Lincoln was also not lost on E. W. Kenworthy, who filed the front page story for the Times: â€Å"It was Dr. King—who had suffered perhaps most of all—who ignited the crowd with words that might have been written by the sad brooding man enshrined within† (1). James Reston, on the same New York Times front page, declared that King â€Å"touched the vast audience. Until then the pilgrimage was merely a great spectacle† (1). The Time Magazine article about the rally clearly understood the importance of King’s speech: â€Å"King’s particular magic had enslaved his audience,† Time said of the prepared portion of King’s text, while particularly praising the extemporized section with which the speech ended as â€Å"catching, dramatic, inspirational† (â€Å"Beginning†). Not every major news outlet recognized the importance of King’s speech. The Washington Post, for example, focused on the speech delivered by A. Philip Randolph, without even mentioning King’s (Branch 886). The historic and literary brilliance of Lincoln’s address at Gettysburg had also not been universally recognized by journalists. The fact that Lincoln’s speech became so famous is doubly remarkable when one considers how few people actually heard it or saw so much as a photograph of Lincoln delivering it. Illustrators would fill in the visual gaps that photographers likeMatthew Brady had left out. There is Martin Luther King Jr. s â€Å"I Have a Dream† Speech 187 only one photograph of Lincoln on the speaker’s platform and it was taken from some distance away (Kunhardt, Kunhardt, and Kunhardt 315). King’s speech, by contrast, was forever wedded to a set of visual images—of Lincoln’s statue, of the responsive throng, and of King himself, visibly moved by his own words. It is difficult to explain precisely how King’s speech went from privately copyrighted words to cherished public property, but surely the number of people who saw and heard and felt his speech live was an important ingredient. In the case of Lincoln’s speech, it helped that it was apparently spare and simple, something school children could easily read, memorize, and declaim. At eighteen minutes, King’s speech is roughly six times as long as Lincoln’s, but the dramatic climax of the speech is short enough to replay in honoring King or in the retelling of civil rights movement history, and the imagery of the speech is often striking. Both King’s and Lincoln’s speeches were tied to a momentous event, and the messages of both can be appreciated, if not fully understood, by successive generations without providing detailed historical context. The same cannot be said of Lincoln’s lawyerly and highly nuanced First Inaugural Address, or for that matter King’s Vietnam era antiwar speech, â€Å"A Time to Break Silence. † The addresses at Gettysburg and the Lincoln Memorial abridge tumultuous chapters in American history. Martyrdom, Memorialization, and Mass Circulation The martyrdom of Lincoln and King did much to propel rehearsals of their deeds and words. Pulitzer Prize winning historian David Garrow agrees with King biographer Drew Hansen that the speech received little further mention until after King was assassinated. Although King was honored by Time as its Man of the Year in 1964, the same year he won the Nobel Peace Prize, prior to King’s assassination there was not a reason for the press to commemorate King’s biography or place in history. The identification between King and his enunciated â€Å"dream† heard by millions was unavoidable and seemingly inevitable. Soon after his death, Motown Records reissued a single recording of the â€Å"Dream† speech (Waller 48). Eulogizing King in 1968, Time spoke of the â€Å"dream† peroration of his speech as the peak of his oratorical career (â€Å"Transcendent†). While Corretta King asked supporters to â€Å"join us in fulfilling his dream† (Rugaber 1), the New York Times structured its eulogy of â€Å"the fallen martyr† by discussing aspects of his â€Å"dream† (â€Å"He had a dream† E12), and in another article judged that his speech at the LincolnMemorial was â€Å"the high point of Dr. King’s war for civil rights† (Mitgang E1). King himself perpetuated his identification with â€Å"the dream† by introducing it into his later speeches. 188 ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes, and Reviews Immediately after the assassination, Democratic Congressmen proposed the establishment of a Martin Luther King Jr. oliday, but it did not come to fruition until 1983 (Hansen, The Dream 216). The holiday itself has given impetus for annual memorializing of King and synoptic renderings of his life. Thus, the speech, particularly the prophetic â€Å"dream† section and dramatic conclusion, continued to be heard by virtually every generation of Americans. The speech was widely anthologized and was so widely taught in college public speaking classes that in 1982 Haig Bosmajian published an article in Communication Education to correct inaccurate versions of the speech. In 1998, Time listed it as one of only four of the â€Å"century’s greatest speeches,† putting the speech in a firmament with speeches by Churchill, Roosevelt, and Kennedy and offering an abbreviated quotation of the â€Å"dream† section and peroration (â€Å"Four†). Within recent years, two books have been written about the speech, as books were also written about the Gettysburg address (Sunnemark; Hansen, The Dream). There are few American speeches so important as to inspire book-length treatments. The anointing of the speech by the media has been a mixed blessing. Historians and civil rights proponents caution against the condensation of a rich life into a single event. King’s later speeches, which include continued references to his dream, proved less successful in the North than they had been in the South. â€Å"I have felt my dreams falter,† he said in Chicago in 1965, and on Christmas Eve 1967, reflecting on his own life, he added a dream reference made famous by poet Langston Hughes: â€Å"I am personally the victim of deferred dreams, of blasted hopes. In his final years, the sweeping imagery of his famous 1963 speech gave way to a more focused advocacy on behalf of African Americans in their struggles for jobs, higher salaries, better working conditions, and integration (Hansen, â€Å"King’s Dreams† E11). King also adamantly opposed the VietnamWar and called for a guaranteed family income. Worried about the dissolution of the civil rights movement, he argued for a more aggressive and disruptive brand of nonviolence, threatened boycotts, and even suggested obstructing the national Democratic and Republican conventions (â€Å"Transcendent†). Because King’s rhetoric is defined by the celebrated dream speech, his later speeches, which do not fit this model, are relatively unremembered. How much â€Å"I Have a Dream† has come to represent Martin Luther King is revealed by the planned national memorial in Washington, DC, for which ground was recently broken. Situated between the Lincoln and Jefferson Memorials, the Martin Luther King Memorial will include structures and elements that materially evoke King’s speeches, particularly â€Å"I Have a Dream. Clayborne Carson, the director of the King Paper’s Project at Stanford University, offered suggestions for the design selected from among more than 900 submissions. He proposed that King’s public words be used as inspiration for the structures in the open-air Martin Luther King Jr. ’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† Speech 189 memorial. Thus the features of the memorial include a â€Å"mountain of despair† and a â€Å"stone of hope,† reflecting a phrase from the speech. There is a fountain meant to symbolize the biblical quotation King used in the speech, the passage that â€Å"Justice rolls down like water and righteousness like a mighty stream. There are naves, representing the leaders of the civil rights movement, â€Å"hewn from rock, with rough edges on the outside, and smooth stone on the inside,† again an homage to a biblical passage in King’s dream speech (â€Å"The rough places shall be made plane and the crooked places shall be made straight†) (Konigsmark 1B). The importance of King’s speech in American history is also illustrated by its incorporation at the Lincoln Memorial. Visitors can watch footage of King’s speech and note the spot where King delivered the speech, which is conspicuously marked with an X. Conclusion Historical interest in how King came to include the â€Å"I have a dream† section is comparable to the interest in how Lincoln composed his Gettysburg Address, which has produced tales of fanciful composition on an envelope while en route to Gettysburg. King had been given seven minutes to deliver his speech and his prepared text fit roughly into that time limit until King departed from his text to declare that â€Å"We will not be satisfied until justice runs down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream. The voluble affirmation from the audience made King reluctant to continue reading from his manuscript. At this crucial turn, King recast the subdued request that the attendees should â€Å"go back to our communities† with a dynamic series of imperatives: â€Å"Go back to Mississippi. Go back to South Carolina. Go back to Louisiana. Go back to the slums and ghettos of our Northern cities, knowing that somehow this situation can and will be changed. Let us not wallow in the valley of despair. † Mahalia Jackson, who had earlier sung a black spiritual, shouted from behind King: â€Å"Tell ‘em about the dream, Martin. Whether through the singer’s prompting or by his own initiative, King launched nearly seamlessly into the now famous sentences that embodied his dream (Branch 881–82). There are competing accounts of why King chose to depart from his text and prepared conclusion to improvise the â€Å"I have a dream† refrain. While Corretta said that he had considered including this section beforehand if the moment was right, in a 1963 interview King remembered that he included it on an impulse: â€Å"I just felt I wanted to use it here. I don’t know why. I hadn’t thought about it before the speech† (Hansen, The Dream). King’s version lends credence to Coretta’s idea that it was inspired by a higher power (King). Inspired prophecy should not require a prepared text, and extemporaneous speech, like the â€Å"winged words† of Homer’s heroes, is regarded as more authentic than written ones. 190 ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes, and Reviews No one, not even King, could anticipate the place his scintillating speech would take in public memory. In 1963 King delivered 350 speeches and sermons. His message and rhetoric were often the same although the size of his audience and the amplitude of his public exposure were never so great. Of course, the speech itself is powerful and memorable, but contextual forces, including the live airing of the speech, King’s assassination, and the enactment of a national holiday celebrating King all contributed to making â€Å"I Have a Dream† a symbol of King’s life, which in turn is a symbol of the civil rights movement. It was and continues to be a media event. It expresses in shorthand the sentiments that the public is supposed to recall. What was a performed text delivered with a political purpose has been translated by the media into a symbolic narrative that casts King as the heroic voice of those for whom the dream had not yet become a reality.